Frito Lay Company Essay Example for Free

Frito plant association EssayLets look at how the murphy chip came to be. In 1853 the first tater chip was invented by a chef at the Saratoga Springs New York resort in 1853. It was created because one of the customers at the resort prevent sending them back because they were too thick, soggy and had no taste to it. Crum past stubborn to fry them and sprinkled them with salt for taste. They were soon a regular item on the menu. Later, around the 1920s they whence moved from restaurants to creation massed produced. Once they came up with a way to keep them fresh and from breaking up, they were fitted to put them into mass increaseion 1920s. Frito personate was created in 1938 by Herman Lay. Frito Lay is one of the leading potato chip companies in the United States for umteen another(prenominal) years. They continue to post recording breaking numbers in all of their brands. angiotensin-converting enzyme of their enduring brands is the Lays potato chips. These potato chips can be found in many different flavors. The currently atomic number 18 barbecue, sour cream and onion, ranch and many others. However, this industry is highly warring and there argon tumid manufactures that harbour many types of products and other snacks. Smaller companies have found a way to compete with the larger companies. These small companies have gained footing by introducing the new healthier chips that are now being sold in health food stores. A lot of concern to the highest degree the Salt content is what enable smaller companies to compete. They focused on these healthier brands and have introduced a product that is totally opposite of the major brands. Lays has in like manner added Dips to their brand. They currently consist of Ranch, French onion and etc. This was created because pin is consistently served with potato chips at events such as birthday parties, foot ball parties, luncheons and etc.Frito Lay Extended Enterprise Supply ChainFarm Manufacturer Warehouse/ Retailer Consumer Distributor When it comes to potato chips, the industries in the extended supply are few. The first industry is the farm where the potato chip comes from. They are currently located in cities like North Dakota, New England, Florida, Michigan, Texas and California and etc. They are withal located in Central and South America, Brazil, Europe, in Leicester and Coventry England, Asia, Middle East Africa and India. These farms have been picked for their potatoes that impart be used in the making of the potato chip. Because a potato is something you can grow yourself, it is actually easy to make potato chips. However, these potatoes are planted and treated with the utmost of care to produce a high quality product. The potatoes are grown and harvested and then they are shipped to a Frito-Lay plant. When they arrived the first thing they do is wash them. They are then peeled with the utmost care.Next they are then cut into slices and then rinsed again to rem ove particles produced from the cutting. They are then cooked in oils such as sunflower, canola and corn oil. These are actually important because they are considered all-natural oils. They contain 0g trans fat and are considered lower in saturated fats. Once dried, they are then sprinkled with salt for taste. Because creating these potato chips is so simple they can be created in less than a day. Once they are packaged, they are then sent out to distributions centers world large. This is where the products are stored and then loaded on to trucks and then taken out to stores, gas stations, vending machines and etc. Frito point currently markets to a wide variety of consumers. One consumer is high school teens and college age students.They have many different places where they consume the product. One of the ways in which they consume the product is in sports and entertainment areas such as movie theaters or sports stadiums. Another place it is being consumed is in the home. Frito Lay has focused on the snack side for many years. These are the type of people who would eat these snacks and did not care about their weight or being healthy. But recently, Frito Lay has changed to targeting more healthy consumers also. With the way the world is changing constantly, Frito-lay is always trying to keep up by targeting with the ever changing times. Because so many people are becoming health conscious, Frito-lay as also targeted this audience. They have come up with some products that allow the consumer to also focus on their health and physical appearance.In order for Frito-lay to stay competitive, it is apparent that they have to target this demographic also because in the recent years some of their snacks have been losing sales. Another of their target audience is the Latino market. Hispanic market are targeted because the chips can sometime be the meal or a side answer to the meal. Also this demographic is constantly growing in numbers and have become an importan t and influential part of society. Frito-Lays wholesale and distribution consumers are also a major business. They are the resellers such as retailers and wholesaler who buy Frito-Lays finished goods and resell them for a profit. Frito Lay also sells directly to large retailers and retail chains and through wholesalers to smaller retail units. Frito- Lays itself also targets big business customers of other companies.Lays identify prospective buyers, monitor current customers needs and levels of satisfactions, and personally attend to existing customers. Essentially, Frito lays target consumer consists of everyone. It consists of Frito-Lay constantly changing their product to keep up with the changing taste of the consumer. In getting the product to the consumer, Frito-Lay has experienced bottlenecks. This is usually seen with the individuals who deliver the product to the shelves. They are the individuals who places the product on the shelves for the consumer to buy. evidently this is a very important part of getting the product to the consumer. Frito-lay found that the sales portions was hindering the device driver getting the product to the stores on time. Therefore, they separated the two which championed tremendously.ConclusionFrito-Lays new product development, advertising, and marketing efforts continues to help them to grow in the salty snack market. Frito-Lays measures economic activity which aids them in improving their organization. Their industrial production and manufacturing production had made them the leading snack food organization in the world. Frito-Lay continues to try and have an enormous amount of knowledge at its fingertips. It continues to ascertain seasonal local demand of each of its products and but how much inventory each store has at any time. By keeping track of this information, it helps to soften plan seasonal and local promotions. By knowing specific inventory at each store, Frito-Lay could get around plan and improve its r outing and inventory systems.Referencesetinkaya, S., ster, H., Easwaran, G., Keskin, B. (2009). An Integrated Outbound Logistics Model for Frito-Lay Coordinating Aggregate-Level Production and Distribution Decisions. Interfaces, 39(5), 460-475.Feld, C. S. (1990). order decentralization the Frito Lay story. Financial Executive, 6(6), 22-25.Frito-Lay History. Frito-Lay North America, Inc.. Retrieved 4 January 2013 www.fritolay.comJacobson, G. (1989). How Frito-Lay Stays in the Chips. Management Review, 78(12), 11.

Christianity and Narnia Essay Example for Free

Christianity and Narnia EssayChristianity is a religion that more than half of our world means in. It is the belief that savior was the Son of divinity who saved forgivingity from sin. That Mary the redeemer said yes to God. Christianity is made up of umpteen different parts. The Paschal Mystery which means the life, death and resurrection of messiah, the Son of God is what sets Christianity apart from other religions. Christianity has many denominations, for example Mormons, Anglicans, Presbyterian. Christians believe that Jesus lived for humanity, died for humanity, and resurrected for humanity. Christ is percepted in many different ways he is represent as the Son of God who died for populace on the cross. Over one third of the world is Christians, entirely nearly 75% of the world celebrates traditions which only Christians believe in. An example of this would be Easter. Easter is when Jesus died for humans on the cross, but nowadays non-believers celebrate it and is t reated as a public holiday. This shows how important Christianity is to humans, and withal to the world. In the Bible, Jesus was counterbalance mentioned in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament. He was depicted as the son of God.Therefore the Lord himself will give you a signThe virgin will retrieve and give birth to a son,and will call him Immanuel. Jesuss name was not mentioned. Isaiahs prophecy was then(prenominal) fulfilled in the gospel of Luke. Was born of a virgin named Mary (Luke 126-31). Also Jesus had performed many great miracles. Jesus performed the changing of the water to win at the man and wife at Cana. 7Jesus said to the servantsFill the jars with water so they filled them to the brim. 8then he told them,Now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet. This is the gospel of John 27-8.Christians believe Jesus was fully divine and human. Which was why when Jesus was nailed to the cross, the pain in the ass he felt was the pain humans would contain felt as well. Jesus was crucified on the cross because it was the common way to die. Christians pray and sing hymns praising the Lord. They commonly sing the song I say Yes This has the meaning of Mary verbalism yes to the angel Gabriel to be the mother of Jesus Christ. In the song it has the phrase To the God who cannot die. This is interpreted in the meaning that God will always be there. He is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent.During church, before epiclesis when transubstantion has not yet occurred. The Memorial Acclamation is learn to show what Jesus had given up before he was crucified and to show how important the epiclesis is. To do this in the memory of him. Every year in the month of May, Christians read the Angelus because it is the month of Mary. In the angelus, the Hail Mary is read. A verse in that passage is entreat for us. That Mary, our redeemer will continue to look over us as she had once make with Jesus. A perfect example of how Christians have go on to spread the word of God and believed is C.S Lewis.He had indite a series of books which relate to the belief of Jesus. A quote he had once said was I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else. This is a very strong quote because he had continued to live and carry out Gods mission. In the Catechism, CCC 600 it states Lamb of God takes away the Sin of the world this is how the Roman Church interpreted Jesus and his teachings. The Lamb of God is Jesus because Jesus is commonly interpreted and depicted as a lamb.Through this Christians carry out acts which fall out these teachings. This helps people understand how important Christianity is to the world. It shows what Christians believe and how they show this through and through their actions. There are many stories and images which have been written to portray the life of Jesus and the belief of Christianity. ace of the many is Narnia by C. S Lewi s. This movie and book series stands out because it has many subtle and prominent links between Christianity and Narnia. C. S Lewis was godlike to write the Narnia book series after his mental religious wars.He converted from a Protestant to an atheist then to a Christian (catholic) and is now known as one of the most sacred theologists. C. S Lewis slipped in and added many subtle symbols. For example, during the scene when Susan and Peter went into the Professors study, the notebook on his table was in the shape of an apple. This symbolises Original Sin. The apple shows the relationship between God and Humanity. How evil had contend into the world. Narnia is a story with 4 main characters Edmund, Susan, Lily and Peter. C. S Lewis used the characters of Susan and Lily as Eve, and Edmund and Peter as the Sons of Adam.When the children had first gone into the Land of Narnia, we are first introduced to them being as the sons and daughters of Eve and Adam. There are troika types of sins in the world, Original Sin, Social Sin and Personal Sin. Social Sin is depicted in Narnia through the White Witch. Narnia is set in a land where it is winter. It is depicted as the season of winter because it symbolises bootleg and evil. Because of the White Which. In the shots where Aslan is present, the land of Narnia is spring. It is as if Narnia Is released and freed from evil. Personal Sin is depicted in Narnia through Edmund.Aslan, the lion performed many miracles in the series of Narnia. When the White Witch had frozen the thorns and people to stone, Aslan blew on them to unfreeze them. This is a very big miracle of him. Jesus had also performed many miracles in his lifetime. ,6After saying this, he spiton the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the mans eyes. 7Go,he told him,wash in the Pool of Siloam. So the man went and washed, and came home seeing.This is the gospel of John 96-7. Jesus too also performed strange and powerful miracles to help others. In the book Narnia, C.S Lewis quotes from Aslan as queen Aslan as everywhere to He will be back. C. S Lewis had many inspirations to write the book. One of the many was when his wife was cured of cancer but then later died. Despite her dying, he had continued on the write the books. In the book of Catechism, CCC 977, it says that Christ who died for our sin and rose for us so we may walk in the fullness of life. This is what the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church believes what Christ is and what human life is about. In CCC 1708, by his Passion, Christ delivered us from Satan and from sin.He merited for us the new life in the Holy Spirit. His grace restores what sin had damaged in us. These are what they Catholics believe what Christ did and how it affected humanity as a whole and how sin had damaged us. Christians can espouse and learn about the life and times of Jesus Christ and the origins of Christianity through reading the books and watching the movies of Narnia. This is ger mane(predicate) to the religion Christianity because the book and film Narnia had incorporated many symbols to show Catholicism. This helps Christians understand their religion and how it had started.

Hiv Aids In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Hiv Aids In Nigeria Health And Social Care seeNigeria, with a community of 154.7 million (World swan, 2009) is the most populous uncouth in Africa and represents about 47% of the double-u Afri finish population (World Bank, 2010). The country is divided into six geo-political z whizzs normality-West, North-East and North-Central as well as South-West, South-East and South-South (World Bank, 2010).Being the biggest oil exporter in Africa and with the largest natural gas reserves in the continent (World Bank, 2010), one would think that (economic solelyy and in terms of human phylogenesis) the country would be up in the ladder with the leisurely countries of the world. But one would be wrong. The country is classified as lower middle income with a GNI per capita, book of maps method of $1,170 (World Bank, 2009). The country ranks 158 out a possible 182 countries on the human develop work forcet index circumvent (UNDP, 2009). Life expectancy at birth is 48 course of studys fo r men and 50 years for women (WHO, 2009), crowing literacy enumerate is 60% (World Bank, 2008), urban population is 46% (World Bank, 2009) which indicates that the majority prevail in rural areas, eon the sum fertility rate (per woman) is 5.5 (WHO, 2009).In terms of health indicators, the country does non fare each better. With an infant mortality rate of 85.5 per 1000 live births, a maternal mortality ratio of 1,100 per 100,000 live births and an under 5 mortality rate of 186 per 1000 live births (regional aver years- 142 per 1000 live births) (WHO, 2008), it will be safe to say that the country can and should do better. Table 1 (World Bank, 2009) is an overview of quick concomitants on Nigeria form 2009Population, Total (millions)154.7Population growth ( one-year %)2.3GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US $)1,170Life expectancy at birth, total (years)47.9Mortality rate, infants (per 1000 live births)85.8Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages 15-49)15Table 1. Source World Bank World Development Indicators, Nigeria Quick facts, 2009With economic and fond indices silly in the worlds poorest countries, world leaders met in September 2000 under the canopy of the United Nations to set a roadmap to reduce extreme poverty with the stimulate of improving human and economic development through a global partnership (UN millennium declaration, 2000). frankincense eight addresss with 21 targets and 60 measurable indicators were set (UN, 2000).Focussing on all the millennium development goals (MDGs) is beyond the scope of this paper. This paper aims to focus on one health problem that is a precession of the Nigerian nation. Therefore in the next few pages, you will be taken on a journey on the burden of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (human immunodeficiency virus/ back up) in Nigeria, its current billet and recent trends, issues of come fallss and spread in relation to income, gender and location (residence), nat ional and sub-national policies to address the problems make up by human immunodeficiency virus/ support, quarrels to addressing these problems as well as recommendations for an improved strategical retort.GENERAL BACKGROUND/ authentic status and recent trendshuman immunodeficiency virus was offset discovered in Nigeria in 1986 (DHS, 2008). By 1991, the prevalence rate was narrativeed as 1.8% (DHS, 2008). The prevalence rate then pay back forwardively rose to 4.5% in 1996 and then 5.5% in 2001 ( study human immunodeficiency virus/ aid stripe plan, 2007-9). However the prevalence rate dropped to 5% in 2003 and 4.4% in 2005 (National human immunodeficiency virus/ back up prevention plan, 2007-9). Notwithstanding the drop and as a consequence of Nigerias grand population, the disease has go along to pile an economic and health misery on the country as 2.86 million mass had been septic by 2005 (IBBSS, 2008).Currently, the human immunodeficiency virus prevalence rate is 4.6% (NACA, 2009). Estimated number of plurality live with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS is 2.98 million, the annual human immunodeficiency virus positive births is 56,681, while annual AIDS deaths is 192,000 with females bearing more of the death burden at 105,822 deaths to 86,178 deaths for males (NACA, 2009). The pretend of the disease on children is particularly worrisome as evidenced by the annual human immunodeficiency virus positive births. It gets worse. According to data released by the Federal Ministry of Health in 2009, 2,175,760 children cast been divest repayable to factors relating to human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (FOMH, 2009).Females constitute almost three-fifths (58.3%) of the infected persons in Nigeria (National human immunodeficiency virus retort Analysis, 2009). Also valuable of mention is the fact that young adults are dis harmoniseately affected with a sero-prevalence of 5.6% in the 25-29 age-group, the highest of any age group (National human immu nodeficiency virus retort Analysis, 2009). As this is part of the productive age group of any country (UNAIDS, 2008), the impact on socio economic development can besides be imagined.The millennium development goal 6, target 6 AB is to halt by 2010 and begin to reverse by 2015 the spread of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and to achieve customary accession to interposition for all those who wish it by 2010 (UNDP, 2010). The indicators to measure these complicate HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24, condom use at last high attempt sex, proportion of population aged 15-24 with comprehensive association of HIV/AIDS, ratio of school attendance of orphans to non orphans and the proportion of population with advanced HIV with access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (UNDP, 2010).The demographic health survey (DHS) implemented by the Nigerian population commission (NPC) and supported and funded by PEPFAR, USAID and UNFPA was carried out in 2008 (DHS, 2008). It showed th at 23% of women and 36% of men in Nigeria energise what is a comprehensive cognition of HIV/AIDS (DHS, 2008). Comprehensive knowledge is considered to be the knowledge that condom use and faithfulness to one partner can prevent HIV infection, knowing that a healthy appearance does not rule out HIV and the rejection of two commonest myths that HIV can be transmitted through voodoo or mosquito bites (DHS, 2008). Using the above criteria as the definition of comprehensive knowledge is a bit thin. A better term would be basic knowledge as the normal acronym ABC (abstinence, be faithful and condom use) constitutes the basics of HIV prevention. The constituent of adults and children with advanced HIV with access to treatment is 32% (DHS, 2008). As the target is universal access to treatment, this shows clearly that Nigeria is lagging behind on treatment despite its preponderance over prevention (Idoko, 2010). The prevalence of HIV among pregnant women between ages 15 and 24 in Nigeria has decreased from 5.8% in 2001 and 2002 to 5.0% in 2003 and 2004 and has steadied at 4.3% in 2005 through 2007 (NACA, ME unit, 2007). The percentage of the population who used condom at last high risk sex has markedly change magnitude from 43.9% in 2003 to 63.8% in 2007 (NACA, ME unit, 2007) while the Federal Ministry of Health reported in 2009 that the number of children orphaned by AIDS increase from 1.97 million in 2007 to 2.18 million in 2009. The ratio of school attendance of orphans to non orphans is tell to be 0.861 (FMOH, 2009).Prevention of m early(a) to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV constitutes a huge go in HIV prevention in Nigeria (Idoko, 2010). With only 12.5% of pregnant women having access to PMTCT services, Nigeria represents 30% of the global go of PMTCT of HIV (Idoko. 2010).The build Nigeria has made in her fight against HIV/AIDS is illustrated in table 2 which compares estimates and data compiled by NACA from 2000 through 2007. It shows a mixed bag of re sults as the improvements made have either been slow or dawdling (Mid- point assessment, 2010).Target 7 Have halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIVAIDS (UN millennium Declaration, 2000)Indicators19902000*a20012002*b20032004*c20052006*d2007*d20082015Progress towards targetHIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women (%)5.45.85.85.05.04.34.34.34.2To be haltedImproving but slowly% of young people aged 15-24 who twain correctly identify ways to preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and who reject major misconceptions about HIV transmission18.318.325.925.925.9NA100Improving but slowly% of young people aged 15-24 account the use of a condom during sexual intercourse with a non regular sexual partner43.943.963.863.863.8NA100ImprovingRatio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non orphans aged 10-14 yearsNANANANANANANANANA1.2Number of children orphaned by AIDS (millions)1.81.971.971.971.97worseningA, b, c, d are for 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005. NA- not avai lableTable 2. Source MDG report, 2010 truthEmpowering women and girls has a plethora of positive effects on all MDGs (UNDP, 2010). HIV/AIDS is no exception. in spite of the fact that HIV/AIDS knows no gender, clear disparities are visible in the way men and women with HIV/AIDS are responded to and cared for (Mbonu, et al, 2010).The demographic health survey (DHS) carried out in 2008 revealed disparities based on gender, ethnicity, location and income quintile in the knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and coverage of testing (DHS, 2008).Table 3 (DHS, 2008) shows a variation in the knowledge of HIV/AIDS according to age, residence, ethnicity, take aim of education and income (DHS, 2008). Of musical note is the trend that reveals that HIV awareness while almost universal in urban areas (98% and 95% among men and women respectively), is lower among rural men and women at 91% and 84% respectively (DHS, 2008). Awareness of HIV/AIDS was extravagantly found to be lower i n the Northern region compared to the South, being lowest in women of North-central crinkle (76%) and men of North-eastern origin (88%)(DHS, 2008).Background characteristicsWomenMenAge in years15-2487.191.415-1985.388.320-2489.194.825-2989.894.630-3989.494.740-4987.294.4 marital StatusNever married92.993.4Ever had sex96.598.0Never had sex90.089.0Married/living together86.493.6Divorced/separated/widowed91.392.0ResidenceUrban95.397.9Rural84.390.8ZoneNorth central75.990.7North east81.487.8North west87.890.9South east97.196.4South South92.096.1South west93.497.8preceptNo education76.680.7Primary90.292.4Secondary96.097.1More than secondary99.399.7Wealth quintileLowest75.583.5Second81.789.9 substance88.893.8Fourth94.597.0Highest97.698.9Table 3. Source Nigeria DHS, 2008In Nigeria, there are clear differences in the proportion of the population with the knowledge of preventive measures of HIV by age, gender, ethnicity and income quintile (DHS, 2008). Overall women were found to be more kn owledgeable in urban areas than in rural areas (DHS, 2008). The same trend was also found to apply for men. Most badgering is the fact that those in the lowest wealth quintile have a rather poor knowledge of HIV prevention measures with only 31.3% of women and 53.2% of men knowing that using condoms at every sexual encounter can protect them from contracting HIV (DHS, 2008). The DHS, 2008 also found that respondents in urban areas are more liable(predicate) to have a comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS compared to rural areas (DHS, 2008). This proportion rises with an increasing level of education and income among both men and women (DHS, 2008).The DHS, 2008 exposed a stratum of inequities in terms of coverage of HIV testing services (DHS, 2008). Living in urban areas increases ones chances of knowing where to test for HIV with 66% of women and 78% of men knowing where to test for HIV compared to 39% for women and 57% for men in rural areas (DHS, 2008). zonal disparities are also e vident as women and men in the North-east are least promising to know where to test for HIV (27% for women and 54% for men) (DHS, 2008). Worryingly however, of the people who were tested for HIV in the 12 months preceding the survey, only 7% of men and 7% of women came back for the results (DHS, 2008). Further studies might be essential to find out why this is the case.As readd earlier in this paper, there is a huge gap in PMTCT services in Nigeria. The DHS, 2008 made known that only 24% of women who gave birth in the 2 years preceding the DHS received HIV counselling (DHS, 2008). Only 16% were offered and accepted HIV tests during ANC and received the results (DHS, 2008) while only 13% were counselled, offered and accepted HIV tests and received the results. The women most likely to egest in the latter group were those who live in urban areas (35%), those from the south east ethnic origin (35%) and those with more than secondary education (54%) (DHS, 2008).All of these imply th at the HIV/AIDS challenge in Nigeria, as well the chemical re activity to these challenges are in more ways than one determined by equity issues in relation to gender, poverty and location/residence.NATIONAL AND SUB NATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIESAfter the HIV was first reported in Nigeria in 1986 (National HIV repartee analysis, 2009), the solution was essentially health sector point to limit its spread (National HIV reply analysis, 2009). However with the increasing spread of the epidemic and the advent of democracy in 1999, the focus shifted from a health sector based response to a multi-sectoral one (Country progress report, 2010).This led to the establishment of the National Action Committee on HIV/AIDS to coordinate the multi-sectoral response (National HIV response analysis, 2009). To further strengthen its central organise role and the national response, this committee was modify in 2007 by an act of the national assembly into full agency status, reporting directly to the disposal (National HIV response analysis, 2009). It became the National agency for the control of HIV/AIDS (NACA).At the sub-national level, the coordination is done at each of the 36 states by the state action committee on HIV/AIDS (SACA) and at each of the 774 local political sciences by the local government action committee on HIV/AIDS (LACA) (National HIV response analysis, 2009). The plan was for the SACAs (just as NACA) to transform into full agencies to strengthen their contribution to the national response (NACA, 2009). However, only 20 states have transformed into full agencies (National response analysis, 2009). Weak political commitment as well as a lack of ownership at the state level has however move to be identified as limiting factors for national HIV response (Idoko, 2009). Even the state committees that have transformed into full agencies have had problems ranging from poor financing to poor capacity with most of them working without make up boards (Idoko, 2009).NACA with the collaboration of relevant stakeholders developed an interim action plan in 2001, the HIV/AIDS tweak action plan (HEAP), a plan that focussed mainly on prevention, care and support (Country progress report, 2010). The need for a more comprehensive plan that allows treatment led to the development of the National strategic framework (NSF) in 2005. The NSF is the common framework for HIV/AIDS response in Nigeria (National HIV response analysis, 2009). All states also have state strategic plans (SSPs) sourced from the NSF and taking into account their peculiarities (Country progress report, 2007).Nigeria developed her roadmap for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support in 2006 (Country progress report, 2010). This has been incorporated into the NSF and SSPs (Country progress report, 2010). The country has also developed key policy documents which factored in the development of the NSF including the National Workplace Policy on HIV/AIDS in 2 005 to guide HIV plans in the workplace, the National Reproductive Health Policy, the National sexuality Policy that ensures gender mainstreaming in the national response, the National Policy on Orphans and Vulnerable children (OVC), to guide OVC activities in the national plan, the National Policy on Injection Safety and Healthcare waste management as well as the National Prevention Plan and National HIV/AIDS Behaviour salmagundi Communication (BCC) strategy to promote prevention and behavioural change activities (Country progress report, 2010).With NACA as the central coordinating body, the NSF as the common strategic framework, there was the need to have a harmonized Monitoring and paygrade (ME) framework in line with the three ones principle (UNAIDS, 2004). This berthed the Nigerian National Response Information perplexity System (NNRIMS) with the development of the National ME operational plan, 2007-2010 (National HIV response analysis, 2009).Funding for HIV/AIDS programs in Nigeria is both internal and external (Country progress report, 2008). Internal funding is from the national, state and local government budgets, which has good increased as a result of the debt relief gain (DRG). There is also some funding from the backstage sector. However, bureaucratic bottlenecks in the release of funds, continues to be identified as one of the key problems militating against the response performance at state and local government levels (Idoko, 2009). embodiment 1 (National response analysis, 2009) shows the organogram, the institutional geomorphological design of the countrys national response and how it links with sub-national and other non state actors. NACA is at the apex of the response computer architecture and from this vantage point provides political, program and technical leadership while linking with state and non state actors (National HIV response analysis, 2009). In the same fashion, state and local responses are led by SACAs and LACAs. Toget her these bodies interface with line ministries, the private sector, civil and human rights groups including faith based organisations and local and international development partners (National HIV response analysis, 2009).NACASTATE ACTORSNON-STATE ACTORSSTATESHEALTH SECTOR, LINE MINISTRIESPRIVATE SECTORLOCALINT. DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSCSOsCONSTITUENTS AND COMMUNITIESCONSTITUENTS AND COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESSACAs, LACAs, LINE MINISTRIESCSO, PRIVATE SECTOR, DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSCOMMUNITIES AND CONSTITUENTSCOMMUNITIES AND CONSTITUENTSFigure 1. (Source National HIV Response Analysis, 2009)In addition to the entrenchment of the three ones principle, the development of the National strategical Framework and the correct implementation of all other policy documents by NACA, other specific strategies to achieving closing 6 of the MDGs in relation to HIV/AIDS in Nigeria include the local production of condoms and ARVs to sit down cost, increasing the number of HCT and ART sites as well as makin g them free and accessible, providing social security for AIDS orphans and children with HIV/AIDS, modify BCC programs, broadening prevention efforts in line with the National prevention plan, getting the MOHs to dedicate more funds to HIV/AIDS at the state and local levels, increased advocacy to states and LGs to drive SACAs and LACAs, as well as support for research on HIV/AIDS (MDG Mid-point Assessment, 2000-7).CHALLENGES date significant progress has been recorded as earlier detailed, significant challenges also exist (National HIV response analysis, 2009). There is an imbalance in the attention given to prevention as opposed to treatment as the focus has been more on treatment than prevention (Shehu, 2007). This is a surprising misplacement of priorities since at least 95% of Nigerians are HIV negative thus requiring concrete preventive measures to make them die hard so (Shehu, 2007). By 2007, only 3% of health facilities in Nigeria provided HCT services (WHO, UNAIDS UNICEF, 2008). In 2008, it was estimated that there was only one HCT facility to 80,000 Nigerians (WHO, UNAIDS UNICEF, 2009). This might be related to suggestions that facilities providing HIV testing in Nigeria do not follow international standards about ethics and confidentiality (Physicians for Human Rights, 2006). Also, condom distribution and promotion has been hampered by poor resources and political interference (AVERT, 2010). Between 2000 and 2005, the average number of condoms distributed in Nigeria by donors was approximately 5.9 per man per year (UNFPA, 2005) while in a 2002 survey, only 25% of health facilities had any condoms (Human Rights Watch, 2004). In 2006, the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) started to rebound condom advertisements that might encourage indecency (UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, 2006). Though APCON may have softened her stand, the view that condom advertisements promote indecency has to be balanced with the clear dange rs posed by unprotected sex as a main driver of the spread of HIV/AIDS.Other challenges include the hapless and inequitable distribution of drugs, the high prevalence of stigma and discrimination, violation of the human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), poor funding and low capacity at all levels but oddly at the sub-national levels, inadequate monitoring of the quality of handling, insufficient and inadequate responsive data bases, challenges in program coordination (National HIV response analysis, 2009) as well as the slow involvement of civil society and private sector groups in HIV/AIDS planning and budgeting (Country essence assessment, 2000-7).Poor accessibility and uptake of intervention services is a major problem affecting the national response (Coker, 2009). An example of that is in PMTCT (Coker, 2009). The National AIDS and STD control program (NASCP) reported uptake of PMTCT nationally as 11% as of July 2009 (Coker, 2009). charm there were 908 functiona l HCT sites scattered across the country as at 2007 (NACA, 2007), there appears to be lower-ranking awareness of the location of these sites (DHS, 2008), hence poor access especially at the community and hard to rile areas (National HIV response analysis, 2009).The joint United Nations program on HIV/AIDS identified quad major challenges of the HIV/AIDS response in Nigeria (UNAIDS, 2009). They include but not limited to challenges repayable to empowerment of National leadership and ownership, challenges of alignment and harmonization, reform challenges for a more multi-sectoral response, and challenges with accountability and oversight (Country Midpoint assessment, 2000-7). NACAs organisational effectiveness is still considerably weak with capacity constraints overwhelming at state and local government levels (National HIV response analysis, 2009). There also is a disparity in programs and coordination systems at all levels due(p) to poor dissemination and use of policy instrum ents (National HIN response analysis, 2009). In terms of ownership and alignment, there is an excessive fragmentation of donor activities, poor collaboration between NACA-donor while donor start outes are not eer aligned with national priorities thereby undermining ownership (National HIV response analysis, 2009). This may be due to the fact that the majority of funding for HIV programs is donor driven (HERFON, 2007). For instance, Nigeria contributes an only an estimated 5% of the funds for antiretroviral therapy programmes (HERFON, 2007). While this may be due to a country desire to concentrate more and rightly so on prevention, it may also explain why there is a tilt towards treatment.The 2010 country progress report while acknowledging the successes and achievements of the HIV/AIDS response in Nigeria also identified key challenges that needed to be addressed. They include incommensurate funding of the prevention, treatment, care and support programs compared to the complexity of the epidemic, overdependence on donor support, weak political and financial support especially at states and local governments, the lack of a National HIV/AIDS research agenda, poor coverage and quality of PMTCT, limited knowledge of the drivers of the epidemic, low risk perception at policy making and community levels, inadequate supportive legislation to guide and boost the national and state response, inadequate implementation of the National ME system, the overwhelming focus on intervention monitoring rather than impact evaluation, as well as poverty and gender equality (Country progress report, 2010).Above all, there is the challenge of maintaining current levels and scaling up a sustainable HIV/AIDS response that will play demand challenges like increasing new infections and declining livelihoods due to poverty, and supply challenges like inadequate al-Qaeda, low motivating of health workers and brain drain, governance challenges like poor health, communications and po wer home, inadequate health financing, inadequate logistics and procurement as well as declining human resources (Ogunlayi, et al, 2007). The requirement for this is a health systems strengthening approach with a target of improving the health supply chain efficiency and effectiveness, training more people with adequate incentives to man and manage those systems, developing policies that will support national and sub-national sustainability plans including the provision of physical infrastructure as well as mobilizing a responsible, responsive and equitable health financing (National HIV response analysis, 2009).CONCLUSIONSThat Nigeria has made positive strides in her fight against HIV/AIDS is not in doubtfulness. What is in doubt is if the current levels can be maintained and platefuld up. It is instructive that of the 7 point agenda for action at the inception of the current political leadership, there was no health component.This paper will get down to the front burner the ne ed for greater political commitment from the top on health matters in customary and the HIV/AIDS issue in particular.As the evidence in this paper has shown, the impact of HIV/AIDS has been enormous particularly on women and children. While gender has been mainstreamed into the national response in Nigeria (National response analysis, 2009), there is clearly still a lot more to be done. It is particularly vicious that Nigeria records annual HIV-positive births of 56,681. There is the need for all stakeholders to speak with one voice and declare this trend as unacceptable. And indeed it is. It should be unacceptable for pure and innocent neonates, infants and children to bear the brunt of the epidemic in a scale as seen in Nigeria. This paper strongly advocates the scale up of both the access and quality of all HIV/AIDS services including but not limited to HCT, PMTCT as well as other prevention, treatment, care and support services and especially for those disadvantaged due to loc ation, income or gender.This paper will bring to the fore the poor state of the response at the state and local government levels. There is the need to strengthen technical, financial and management capacity not just at NACA but at the SACAs and LACAs (National HIV response analysis, 2009).There is a greater need for Prevention programs to be at the heart of the HIV/AIDS response. This need is reinforced (as shown in page 5) by the declining difference in the proportion of people with an awareness of HIV/AIDS compared to those with a comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS (DHS, 2008). There is a further decline in the proportion of the latter group with the awareness of where to get tested (DHS, 2008). While treatment, care and support programs are indispensable, there is the need for a scale up of prevention programs to run to the over 95% of the population that are currently HIV negative. While donors should be praised for the huge financial and human resources they have committed t o the HIV/AIDS response, there is the need for country ownership as well as the alignment and harmonization of donor priorities in line with country plans and strategies.Health systems strengthening needs to be accelerated for a health systems response that is based on improved infrastructure for an integrated package of care, a functional forecasting system based on verified data, build capacity of human resources, adequate health financing and a strong leadership (Country progress report, 2010).Finally, the MDGs and its targets for HIV/AIDS should not be seen as a destination but a crop. A process that emphasizes urgency, quality and equity, and involves the development of a comprehensive package of prevention, treatment, care and support relevant to the country (UNAIDS, 2006).

Study on Movement Time of Individual After Stroke

Study on Movement age of Individual After cuffCase scenarioA 25 course old male change role who was app arntly sanitary 1 year ago when he met with an accident and got severe head injury, diagnosed with h hotshotst hemiplegia, was hospitalized for 1 month. Presently longanimous complains of, difficulty in getting up from hunch forward, and difficulty in walking. Patient has flexor synergy in Upper limb and extensor synergy is in dismantle limb, read-only storage and strength for right is decrease, tone for upper limb and lower limb is increased , grade3 on MAS , reflexes ar exaggerated. Presently, Patient is able to vex but only with support and need assistance in toileting and mobility. displayActivities of daily living is refers to those centripetal motor skills infallible for the practiseance of usual daily operation (1). These sensory motor skills under craft the business of daily self c atomic number 18 much(prenominal) as feeding, dressing, hygiene and phy sical mobility that are known as basic activities of daily living (1). each problem in playacting the ADL can affect personal social life (1),as well as community mobility. chance event is the sudden loss of neurological agency ca intaked by an interruption of blood flow to the brain (1). Stroke can be caused by m whatsoever reasons like traumatic, pathological etc. Post stroke uncomplaining deal with the variety of shortage like cognitive (1), sensory (3), motor (4), balance and coordination (5). All these components are necessary for the optimal carry throughance of any ADL (6). In girlish population ADL can be affected because of several reasons, but now a days most common problem which teenaged diligent are facing is stroke(6) which affect their ADL in terms of transferring like puzzle to live or delusion to devolve ons which is the basic activity in order to carry out any proletariat.In this teaching metre is measured for the individualistic to perpetrate a p articular activity. Time interpreted to come any labour measures several components like cognition (7), sensory (8), motor, balance and coordination (8). any deficit in any one or all the components leads to increase in the while interpreted to perform any activity (7) (8) (9).Any deficit in cognition uncomplaining give have difficulty in interpreting the subordination given to persevering which leads to increase in the clip interpreted to perform the task. Any motor deficit and sensory deficit can cause difficulty in moving limbs and awareness about the penchant of the limbs. Balance and coordination deficit leads to decrease postural control, all these components will hinder the long-suffering to perform the task at appropriate era (7) (8).Although there is no evidence or normative determine are yet described which tells about the linguistic rule term interpreted by an individual to perform sit to delusion and evasiveness to sit activity.In order to reconstruct t he persevering for sit to pillow and lie to sit task, it is in like manner necessary to see that at what degree of trunk modulation (0 or 45) and with which lieu of meat ( subordinate or non subordinate) it is easy for the patient to perform task which is measured in terms of clock interpreted by individuals to finish the task so that therapist can reconstruct the patient with lower limit difficulty.The normal timing taken by an individual to perform any task can be used both as a qualitative as well as quantitative. It helps to asses the various components of the deficit, and to rehabilitate the patients who have difficulty in playing ADL.Hence objective of this study is to measure the era taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit activity at 0 and 45 of bed from low-level and non capable billet. This can be use to asses as well as rehabilitate the patient. pick up FOR STUDYStroke in the young is particularly debilitating as the patient wants to get integrate into the society as early as possible. Also a unique requirement for stroke in the young is that the expectations and the society needs are different from the olden when comparing community dwelling young adults vs. geriatric populations.There is no normative values are present in literature in order to keep out the usual cartridge clip taken by young individual to perform ADL. Sit to lie and lie to sit are basic bed mobility which patient with stroke broadly speaking encounter first. So in reference to these timing it is easy to asses as well as rehabilitate the patient in activities of daily living which is most important requirement of patients with stroke.LITERATURE REVIEWLindmark B ,Hanrin E ,Tornquist K in 1920 conducted study on 207 stroke patient, they were block outed after3 month and 1 year after the stroke, 183 survivors from the original population were assessed with standardized practical equipment which has 12 daily activities which is concerned with cognitive cistr on and coordination, hand function, mobility and balance . They did non find any significant leaving, reason out that there is no difference in the performance of daily activities at 3 month and1 year after stroke and too found out that women had more difficulty in performing compare to men in performing mobility task (6).Podsiodlo D , Richardson S , in 1991 conducted study on 60 elderly patient( entail age 79.5 years) to find out TUG as test for basic functional activity, time is metric for the patient to perform a rise from chair ,walk for 3 meters and then sit down again to perform a particular ADL, found out that TUG test is reliable and correlates well with berg balance denture and concluded that TUG test is reliable for evaluation of the ADL(10).Owsley C, Sloane M, Mc Gwin, Ball K. in 2001 conducted study on 173 older adults (65-90 yrs), which is large sample size in order to find out visual bear on speed and correlation mingled with memory and inductive reasoning wit h IADL ,time taken to perform the 5 IADL was calculated and found out that individual who have slow processing speed , takes more time to fulfill the task they concluded that cognition especially memory and reasoning are related to time taken to perform any ADL and it is utilizable in evaluating in cognition(8).Owsley, Cynthia, mcGWIN, Gerald Sloane, Michael E in 2001 conducted a study on 342 older adults who had visual impairment (58-86year) from eye clinic, to find out relation between visual function and time required to assoil the IADL, under visual impairment visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and useful field of view .17 IADL task which includes visual activity was evaluated with time taken. They concluded that visual function is necessary to achieve any ADL (9).Hsieh CL ,Shen CF,Hsueh IP, Wang CH in 2002 conducted a prospective study was on 169 stroke patient to find out relation between trunk control and ADL in early stage in stroke patient after6 month of stroke, postur al assessment scale for stroke patient scale(PASS-TC) fugl meyer motor test and balance test was used to asses motor and balance gazeively, patients were assessed at 14thday after stroke and 6 month. They concluded that trunk control is related to comprehensive ADL(11).Gregory T, Cullaghan A, Nettelback T ,Wilson C in 2009 conducted study on elderly people to examine whether early inspection time forecast future problem in ADL , actor completed IT at service line, 6 month,18 month and at 14 month after stroke, 2 company of 15 elderly with aged (74-88 years) are assessed for timed IADL, it shows that group with slower IT had poorer performance (took longer time to finish task)on more than half of the functional activity and concluded that slower IT shows difficulty in performing functional activity(12).Emma Barry, Rose Galvin, Claire Keogh, Frances Horgan and Tom Fahey in 2014 did a systemic review and metanalysis to find TUG is a predictor of risk of fall in older adult, a liter ature search of 25 in systemic review and 10 in metanalysis was do and TUG score 13.5 sec was used to identify individual with high risk of falling and found out that TUG test has limited ability to predict to predict risk of fall in elderly (13).METHODOLOGYStudy design Cross- sectional study a pilot studySample size n=30(50% male and 50% female)Type of sampling convenience samplingSource of data collection M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, Department of Physiotherapy.METHOD OF DATA arrayA cross- sectional study design was undertaken for the study.Young adult aged between 20 25 years fulfilling in M.S. Ramaiah medical college, department of physiotherapy were included in study. Convenience sampling was done and sample of 30 subjects were included in the study. Informed consent of all the 30 subjects are taken prior to undertaking the study and procedure was explained to them.Inclusion criteriaMentioned conditions directly affect the time taken to perform a particular task. cognitio n is tested by checking memory reasoning and intelligence.1. Aged between 20-25 years.2. takings should not have any pain, trauma, inflammation, fracture etc by history /reported.3. Should not have any cognitive deficit.4. Should have competed consent form.Exclusion criteria in a higher place mentioned condition can interfere in test and also affect the time taken to perform thegiven task.Any reported trauma, inflammation, pain in lower back and lower limbs.History of Low back pain, knee pain.Intake of alcohol in brook 24 hrs.Any history of hypotension while performing ADL.Any giddiness while performing IADL tasksAny cognitive or higher mental funti0n deficit.Materials used for the studyStop watchAdjustable libertine hurlHeight scaleWeighing machineTest procedureDemographic data of young adult was noted, including height, weight, gender etc. subjects to be tested was explained about the procedure of the test. Subjects are asked to sit at edge of bed. When start command was given , the subject had to lie down according to given instruction by using preferable speed to perform the activity, time taken for the subject to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit was noted down.Both these activities were performed at 0 and 45 of elevation of bed end, from dependent side as well as from independent side of elevation of bed end.Starting positions seance Position neck straight, head in midline, spine erect, Hands on a side, knee and hep at 90, substructure unsupported.Lying position straight, head in midline, hands on sides, legs together, foot in a neutral positionTask was observed from standing in front of patient. The identical procedure was repeated and time is taken for 30 subjects, to find out normal value to perform sit to lie and lie to sit in young adult.Picture 1a Firm and adjustable couch at 00. Picture1b Firm and adjustable couchat 450. experience 2a Starting position at 00 PICTURE 2b Starting position at00(side view).Picture 3 Starting position at 450P ICTURE 4a nett position of sit to lie at 00PICTURE 4b Final position of lie to sit 45Picture5 During testData AnalysisStatistical analysis Microsoft word and Excel were used to generate data and graphs.Statistical Tests mean, mode, median of time taken to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit activity was calculated for 30 subjects. Mean is taken to as come time taken to perform the task. t test was done to compare the values of sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent at 0 and 45.RESULTA cross sectional study consisting of 30 normal healthy young adult is taken to find out the normal time taken by younger individual to perform sit to lie and lie to sit at 00and 450from dependent and non dependent side.This graph is showing average time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit. The values of sit to lie and lie to sit which are not showing any statistical importation depending on different side and angle of trunk flexion. circuit card2 t and p value of the aver age of time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit.t- scorep-scoreSit to lieND(00) vs. ND(450)0.7040.483D(00) vs. ND(450)1.0100.318ND(00) vs. D(450)-1.0470.299D(00) vs. D(450)1.3550.180ND(0) vs. D(0)-0.4090.683ND(45) vs. D(45)0.7040.483 lie in to sitND(00) vs. ND(450)1.6330.107D(00) vs. ND(450)1.1700.246ND(00) vs. D(450)1.5810.119D(00) vs. D(450)1.1040.273ND(00) vs. D(00)0.4880.626ND(450) vs. D(450)-0.1160.907Sit to lie vs. untruth to sitND(00) vs. ND(00)0.0270.978D(00) vs. D(00)0.9330.354ND(450) vs. ND(450)1.1600.250D(450) vs. D(450)0.9470.347Table2 the t value and p value are showed non of the data have p value Table 3 equation between 00 and 450 in sit to lie and lie to sit.00450Sit to lieND (3.497)ND(3.366)D(3.565)ND(3.366)ND(3.497)D(3.321)D(3.565)D(3.216)Lie to sitND(3.491)D(3.156)D(3.375)ND(3.136)D(3.345)D(3.156)ND(3.491)ND(3.156)Above table is showing the par between average time taken at 00 and 450. There is not significant difference between the time taken by subject in sit to lie and lie to sit from 00and 450.Figure2a 00 vs. 450 from sit to lie Figure2b 00 vs. 450 from lie to sitGiven figure 2a is showing comparison of mean time taken to sit to lie from 00 and 450 which is not statistically significant(pTable 4 Comparison between the averages of time taken from dependent vs. non dependent side.Non low-levelSide (sec)Dependent(sec)Sit to lie 450(3.366)450(3.321)00(3.497)450(3.321)450(3.366)00(3.565)00(3.497)00(3.565)Lie to Sit450(3.136)450(3.156)00(3.491)450(3.156)450(3.136)00(3.375)00(3.491)00(3.375)This table presents the comparison between dependent vs. non dependent side from sit to lie and lie , average mean of the sit to lie and lie to sit are statistically not significant , P 0.05 , hence no suitable value can be concluded from this present data.Figure3a Dependent vs. Non Dependent Figure3b Dependent vs. Non Dependentfrom sit to lie. from lie to sitGiven fig 3a is showing the comparison between dependent vs. non dependent from sit to lie and fig3b. From, the t scores of these data is not showing any statistical conditional relation (p0.05).Table 5 Comparison between average time taken in sit to lie vs. lie to sit.Sit to lie vs. lie to sitSit to lie in (sec)Lie to sit in (sec)Nondependent (00)3.4973.491Dependent(00)3.5653.375Nondependent(450)3.3663.136Dependent(450)3.3213.156This table presents the comparison between the average time taken from sit to lie vs. lie to sit. statistically these values are not significant (p0.05).Figure 4 comparison between time taken from sit to lie vs. lie to sitFigure 4 showing the comparison between the time taken from sit to lie vs. lie to sit which is statistically not significant hence is not showing any difference in time taken to perform both these activities.TABLE 6 Average of mean value for sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent side at 00 and 450Mean valuesSit to lieNon Dependent(0)3.50Dependent(0)3.57Non Dependent(45)3.37Dependent(45)3.32Lie to sitNon De pendent(0)3.49Dependent(0)3.37Non Dependent(45)3.14Dependent(45)3.16Average3.36In table6, the average of all mean time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit, as it is not any statistical significance ,so there is no difference in time taken to perform this task.DISCUSSIONThe time taken by young adult (20-25 years) to perform sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent side at 00 and 450 of trunk flexion has done to find out the normal time taken by young adult to perform this particular activity. This activity is a basic mobility which the stroke patient encounter first and also find difficult to do. Timing of these activity measures cognition, sensory, motor, balance and coordination component of the patient which will help to find out the level of functional activity in reference to the time taken to contact the given activity.Activity was measured at different angle of trunk flexion (00 and 450) a well as from different side (dependent and non dependent). Bef ore the study it was assumed that from dependent side it is easy to accomplish the task, as well as from 450 it is easy to lie down as well as get up as therefore should take less time to finish the task, as at 450 the length tension relationship is good and it provide extra leverage to come against gravity, in 450 as the muscle is in tension, muscle fiber recruitment is more. Getting up from dependent side was hypothesized to be easier as compare to nondependent. It was also assumed that as sit to lie and lie to sit are two different activities so time taken to perform both these activity will be different.In our study, on analyzing the result of table 2 ( t test of the average of the time taken to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit at different plane) is observed that p-value of mean score of time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit is statistically not significant. Values at different plane is statistically not significant that may be because of the excellent sample s ize as well as population age. Good strength in muscles, balance and coordination in limbs helps to overcome the gravity easily. The t score and p- value for the comparison of sit to lie and lie to sit is also statistically not significant. Since all comparisons were statistically insignificant, we averaged the mean for condition The average for the sit to lie and lie to sit was found to be 3.36 sec.In order to asses and rehabilitate the stroke patient timed ADL will asses several components in one time. In order to asses the patient who has difficulty in basic mobility like sit to lie or lie to sit can be assessed with respect to time taken to accomplish that activity , any increase in time taken to accomplish the particular activity may suggest need for intervention , and patient can be instruct for the same activity for time taken. Time taken can evaluate contribution from different components such as cognition, strength, balance, coordination. Therefore assessing time may help the therapist to quantify these components and give direction to treatment. thence concluded that sit to lie and lie to sit takes same time irrespective of overabundant and non dominant side, and angle of trunk flexion (00 and 450). The average time to perform sit to lie or lie to sit for young adult is 3.36 sec.CONCLUSIONFrom the present study we can conclude that the average time taken to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit activity is 3.36. The time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent side at 00 and 450 was the same. It did not differ with the side as well as the angle of trunk flexion. Limitation of the StudyVideo for the task is not taken which can help to evaluate the different components of task and may be cooperative to explain the reason behind the variation in timing in different individual.Instruction to use a preferable speed may not reliable for every patient.The sample size is humble and taken for only 20-25 year old young adult.Clinical ImplicationAs the time taken to perform sit to lie or lie to sit is 3.36 sec, and in my case scenario patient is 25 year old and has difficulty in bed mobility we can take it (3.36 sec) as a baseline in order to asses and rehabilitate the patient . We can measure the time taken by a patient to complete sit to lie and can further retrain the patient to complete the tasks inwardly 3.36 sec this will help the patient to achieve the status of community functional mobility. It will help us to plan a treatment parameter such as time taken to complete and components of sit to lie as an outcome measure. So in this case summary we could set a goal of 3.36 sec as the time required to achieve functional mobility.

Isolation of Sarracenin from Root Barks of Strychnos Spinosa

Isolation of Sarracenin from origin Barks of Strychnos Spinosa On isolation of Sarracenin from Root utters of Strychnos spinosa and its Antimicrobial Properties.A known iridoid, Sarracenin, was isolated from the root bark of Strychnos spinosa. Its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D-NMR experiments, and comparison with report data. This is the first time it has been isolated from this species. The compound showed significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans Candida tropicalis, Candida thrusei, and Candida stellatoidea, respectively.The genus Strychnos (Loganiaceae), consist of virtually 75 accepted species found through break through the tropics and subtropical Africa 1. Strychnos spinosa is commonly known as kaffir orange, Spiny monkey orange or Natal orange. It is utilized variously in African traditionalistic medicine for ailments such as dropsy, earache, snakebite, f ever, elephantiasis, fever epilepsy and rheumatism 2. The isolation and structural elucidation of the iridoid sarracenin from the root bark of this plant and its antimicrobial action against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans Candida tropicalis, Candida thrusei, and Candida stellatoidea, respectively, is hereby reported.Results and Discussion. The compound was obtained as fine, transparent, needle shaped crystals. It was find out as Sarracenin use 1D and 2D-NMR experiments, and comparison with reported data 3, 4, 5. Some revisions to reported chemical transformation assignments 3, 4 based on our DEPTq135, H, H-COSY, HMBC, HSQC and NOESY data are suggested.Table 1.1HNMR Data of Sarracenin in CDCl3 ( in ppm, J in Hz) based on fig. 1ADEPT spectra DEPTq 135 spectrum gave the proton chemical shifts 166.77 (quaternary or methylene), 150.08 (methine or methyl), 112.32 (quaternary or methylene), 91.68 (methine or methyl), 88.13 (methine or methyl), 68.99 (methine or methyl), 51.42 (methine or methyl), 35.06 (quaternary or methylene), 32.26 (methine or methyl), 22.06 (methine or methyl), 18.70 (methine or methyl). The conclusion by Miles et al, 3 that signals at 35.1 and 22.1 are collectible to methine (C-5) and methylene (C-6), respectively, does not agree with our results otherwise, we agree with their 13 C conclusions. Similarly, Wang et al, 4 report of chemical shifts at 91.7 as quaternary, 112.3 as methine, 18.7 as quaternary and 166.8 as methyl (Table 2.) is at variance with their acknowledgments on HMQC and HMBC data.In addition, Wang et al, 4 reports 1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 5.78 (d, J = 1.6 Hz), 1.34 (d, J = 6.5Hz, 3 H) as signals for protons at C-1 and C- 10, respectively no protons are located at those positions (Figure 1A). It would front a different numbering scheme was employ, however, two different numberings were considered (Figures 1A 1B) neither agreed completely with Wan g et al, 4. Those assignments would appear to have distorted conclusions on 1H, 1H-COSY, HMBC and HMQC data (Tables 1 2).1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 7.46 (s, 1H), 5.79 (t, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J = 3.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (q, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (ddt, J = 10.7, 4.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 2.44 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.68 (dddd, J = 10.0, 5.3, 2.9, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H).Table 2.13C-NMR Data of Sarracenin in CDCl3 ( in ppm) based on fig. 1AKey * = Major areas with ascertained variation.It was noted that the compound contained 11 signals using13C-NMR and DEPT spectra, including two Me, one CH2, six CH, and two quaternary carbons. Analysis of boilersuit NMR spectroscopic data revealed the signals at1 2EFigure 1A. Numbering of Sarracenin as by Miles et al, 3 and present work, B Numbering as on www.chemspider.com6 C Copernican HMBC correlations, D Important NOESY correlations, E Important 1H-1HCOSY correlations.1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS)7.46 (s, 1 H), 5.79 (t, J = 1.9, 1 H), 4.99 (dd, J = 3.5, 0.8, 1 H), 4.22 (q, J = 6.5, 1 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 2.98 (ddt, J = 10.7, 4.0, 1.9, 1 H), 2.37, 1.68 (m, dddd, J = 10.0, 5.3, 2.9, 1.0, 2 H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.5, 3 H) 13CNMR and DEPT (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) 166.77 (ester C=O), 150.08 (olefinicCH), 112.32 (olefinic quaternary carbon), 91.68 (CH), 88.13 (CH), 68.99 (CH), 51.42 (ester OCH3), 35.06 (methylene), 32.26 (CH), 22.06 (allylic CH), 18.70 (CH3)Antimicrobial activityThe antimicrobial activities of sarracenin were assayed against some pathogenic microbes obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology A.B.U. Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. The compound showed significant antibacterial and antimycotic agent activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Candida tropicalis and Candida stellatoidea (Table 3.). This points sarracenin out as a major medicinal principle of Strychnos spinosa and lends j ustification to its use in traditional medicine.ExperimentalCollection of appoint MaterialThe root bark of Strychnos spinosa was salt away from Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria, in August, 2013. The bark was air-dried and their size reduced with the aid of a wooden mortar and pestle. fall and IsolationThe ground material (750 g) was macerated for 72 hours using 500 mL each of hexane, chloroform, ethyl ethanoate and methyl alcohol. Preliminary antimicrobial screening revealed the ethyl acetate extract to be most active against adjudicate microbes. Thus the ethyl acetate extract (10 g) was separated by Vacuum liquid chromatography. A in truth gentle gradient elution was used from hexane through to ethyl acetate. Thirty fractions (25 ml each) were collected and allowed to evaporate to or so half their initial volumes. Fine needles were observed in fractions 20-25. These were monitored by TLC on ethyl acetate- methanol (11) solvent system and plates visualized using iodine vapour. The combined needles (221 mg) were further purified using SephadexLH20 with methanol-ethyl acetate proportionality (11) as solvent. 1HNMR, 13CNMR and 2DNMR experiments were carried out on the purified compound using 30 mg. Its melting point was 123 1240C determined using Electro thermal IA 9300 (Gallenkhamp capillary melting point apparatus with a thermometer).Antimicrobial AssayThe compound (0.01 mg) was weighed and turn in DMSO (10 mL) to obtain a concentration of 10 g/mL (This would subsequently be used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the plant). Mueller Hinton and Sabouraud dextrose agar were used as growth media for the microbes. All the media were prepared jibe to the manufacturers instructions, sterilized at 121 oC for 15 min and were poured into sterilized petri dishes, allowed to cool and solidify. Disc airing method was used to screen the initial crude extracts. Sterilized media were seeded with a standard inoculum (0.1 ml) of test microbe, Mueller Hin ton for the bacteria and SDA for the fungi. The inoculum was spread evenly over the surface of the media using a sterile swab. A well (6 mm) was cut at the center of the inoculated medium using a standard cork-borer (6 mm diameter). Solution of the extract (0.1 mL) was introduced into each well of the inoculated medium. The inoculated media were incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours for bacteria and at 30 oC for 7 days for the fungi, after which plates were observed for zones of inhibition of growth.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the compound was determined using the broth dilution method. Minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration (MBC and MFC) were also carried out to determine whether the test microbes were killed or only inhibited. Ciprofloxacin, Fulcin and Fluconazole were used as positive controls.Table 3. Antimicrobial action of sarraceninKey S = Sensitive, R = Resistant, = (No turbidity) No colony growth, = MIC or MBC or MFC, + = (Turbid) Scant y colony growth, ++ = defy colony growth, +++ = Heavy colony growthReferencesSitrit, Y., Loison, S., Ninio R, et al. (October 2003). Characterization of monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam.), a potential unused crop for arid regions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (21) 625660.De, B.B. and Bisset, N.G. (1988). Alkaloids from the leaves of strychnos wallichiana steudelEx. A. DC. Indian Drugs 26 (2) 90-91.Miles, H. D.,Kokpol, U., Bhattacharyya, J.,Atwood, J. L.,Stone, K. E.,Bryson, T. A. and Wilson, C. (1976). Structure of Sarracenin. An Unusual EnolDiacetalMonoterpene from the Insectivorous Plant Sarracenia Java.J. Am. Chem. Soc. (6) 1570Wang, Y., Wei, Q., Yang, L., and Liu, Z. (2003). Iridoid Glucosides from Chinese Herb Lonicerachrysathaand their antitumor activity. J. Chem. Research (S) 676-677Yang, X., Li, E., Zhang, Q., Yuan, C., and Jia, Z. (2006). Five New Iridoids from Patrinarupestris. Helv. Chim. Acta. (3) 762-770http//www.chemspider.com

Self Confidence Thinking

Self Confidence Thinkingpotency is the belief in your suffer ability when doing whatsoeverthing, by pull ining yourself confirmatoryly and materialistically some yourself and your environment. (Densky 2006) In addition, you in addition need to study that you fox the ability to succeed. (Kent 2007) Self-confidence is too when you palpate certain ab kayoed yourself, your actions, decisions and opinions, and self-reliance. (Hawkins, Swannell Weston 1998, pg141) Yet, potency is a in truth multipurpose and powerful tool for anyone to achieve goals and fulfill wishes. Everywhere you go and allthing you do, confidence is needed for your accomplishment of what you did.For all these while, many populate study that they discern what and how pledge is, but why rough of them could non succeed in what they did. This is because they do non fully under footstall what self-confidence really is and live on the proper and effective directions to improve it. Actually, improvin g self-confidence is very much depending on ones receive self. Moreover, the ways to improve self-confidence atomic number 18 easy as long as you beget a pixilated testamenting to issue forth and never gain up. Hence, self-confidence nookie be improved through inner of yourself by entailing positively, believing in yourself, mount realistic goals and conducting.Upon understanding what self-confidence is, it is encompasses to know how a confident individual is. A confident person is an optimistic, loving, independent, assertive, eager, self-respect and self-control person, and count on and know substantially about own abilities. (Mitchell 2007) Physically, a self-confident person looks confident with positive body language and expert posture. That ar, standing, sitting and walk of life with straight sticker, grasping hands in front or back of body, walking with wide steps, firm handshakes, fashioning eye contact and rejoicing ar signs of self-confidence. (2 manage Myself 2007)(Raudsepp 2007) Your viewers exit see you confidence and they give have faith in you as you argon recogniseing them that I advise do it. When you talk, walk, think behave and feel, self-confidence is shown. (USA Swimming 2004)In contrast, a lack of self-confidence person is a pessimist, passivity, distrust, perfectionist, sensitive to disapproval and bankruptcy, inferior, isolated, self- question and depressed. (Mitchell 2007) Lack of self-confidence person constantly put on a sad, worry or confuse look, slump or spell shoulder when sitting and walking, and folding arms, some sentences with crossing legs. (2 Know Myself 2007) These positions labelled you as uncomfort equal to(p), unfriendly, annoying and non interesting which caused people about feel the same as you too. Your family members, friends and people around you go forth un comparablely to onward motion you as you are telling them Do non trace pricy me, I cigarette not help you or I kitty not do it. Hence, you should not blame them for ignoring you.The first and main way to improve your self-confidence is intellection positively. Thinking positively is be happy, sound with optimism and powerful with anticipates. (Lopper 2007) You have to be positive even though you are aroma negative. This is because thinking negatively is very much affecting your self-confident. You whitethorn have Ps with you when you want to do something, that is, positive because if you always think about negative things, it is sure that you provide fail. (USA Swimming 2004) However, this does not recollect that you are ignoring the negative events but you accept them, look for the best in the events, and obtain ways to turn them into positive. on that point, you will see opportunity and hopes to resume again. (Lopper 2007)Moreover, for an example, you have lost in a argument. No doubt, you were feeling depressed, disappointed, angry, embarrassed, racy- risk of infection and hopel ess, or even shoot, want to die. Initially, calm knock off yourself and recall some happy or past successes in your life included during the competition and success that you desired. When you are recalling, of course, the sad moments of the competition will lick you to a greater extent depressed and emotional. Then, you will keep on asking yourself, Why am I so stupid?, I should have done that or Why did I do that? as these are negative questions that make you feeling negative. Now, you look for way and opportunity by telling yourself, Yes, I thunder mug rest artistry. I shall prepare for the coming next competition. I will try harder this time. Hence, you will feel relief and happy and able to stand up again. Some events such as competition have secondment round but some events seem like no hope such as lost of family member. However, no matter how, in that location is always hope and you should forget the past and face the future happily. This is because your family member w ants you to hold out your life happily.Firstly, you need to think positively by accepting and loving yourself. If you treat, judge or criticize yourself too cruel, you are lowering down your self-confidence. You should accept, be thankful upon what you have and feel proud of yourself, as there is meaning and value beneath it. Then, you should love yourself by taking aid of your health, relaxing, awarding yourself when you have done well and advising yourself if you failed. Hence, you are feeling happy, good and positive with yourself. That is, you have your self-esteem and self-confidence. The most common negative view about oneself is the physical look, that are, not beautiful, not charming, fat body, too short, low-toned eyes or flat nose. You must not compare yourself with new(prenominal)s because it is a bad habit where you will forget what is good about you as you comparing you poor criteria with differents will put yourself at the weak end. As a result, you will pull bac k your self-confidence. (2 Know Myself 2007) Refer to Dr Sandra Scott, you must not chase later unattainable ideals but feel comfortable with the regularise you are. (BBC UK 2007) According to Dr. Joe Rubino, accepting and being grateful of what you have, you peck eliminate the feeling of incompleteness and dissatisfaction and peace your inner self towards confidence.Secondly, you also need to think positively about the predicted outcomes. People who are lack of self-confidence are tending to predict the negative outcome before they start doing anything although the realness is not that bad. (Mitchell 2007) You must focus on your strengths rather than your weaknesses. For instance, you want to turn over part in the competition. originally the competition started, because of certain obstacles such as difficulty or feeling threaten by competitors, you predicted that you are not going to win the competition. The reality will not be worst as if you think if you have tried. There a re some people claimed that by thinking positively, they even worst, that is, they failed and by thinking negatively give the bounce be more successful than thinking positively. These are explainable because they are too focusing on thinking instead of concentrating on what they were doing and they are some people who can use negative thinking to stimulant drug and challenge themselves. For example using self-talk, I am scare to lose or You have to do it or you will regret. Actually, thinking is your mental preparation before you start to do something. (USA Swimming 2004) Before you start your engine, thinking is the fuel to the engine hence, you have the power to graze for your goal as mental preparation provides you with confidence. As soon as you start, you must concentrate on making your goal alive.Furthermore, you can fuck off positive thinking by listen and witness positive materials. (Zaak OConan 2005) You can see and model others successes can enhance self-confidence. (U SA Swimming 2004) You can pick out from books and articles about success people, watch their performances and identify their hard work. That would be your idol. From them, you are not ask to intimate them but be motivated and inspired by them. Hence, you can improve your self-confidence.The second way to improve your self-confidence is believing in yourself. That is, you need to think that you have the good in yourself. Hence, you figure out your abilities, strengths, intelligence, achievements or special skills through your interest. (Raudsepp 2007) The lack of ability does not necessary mean that you are lack of self-confidence. (Densky 2006) Therefore, you must believe and discover that you have something more special and powerful than others do, as every human is different. (The National Womens Health Information Center (NWHIC), US 2007) There is no one will always be the best. If you believe that I can and not I can not. If you believe I am losing, I can not do this or I am ou t, then you are really out as it is sure that you will not succeed. You must believe that you can be the best of you too.As you believe in yourself, hence, you must know yourself by discovering who you are on your own as no one can understand more than you do. This is mean that you are being independent in improving your self-confidence. You are on your own and not controlled and influenced by other person on what you do and unwilling to be under others obligation. (Hawkins, Swannell Weston 1998, pg346) You can be yourself and do what you want to do without having to wait for others approval. (Rybakov 2007) You do not have follow what others say or do, or let others induce you, but you refer and manufacture it in yourself with your own way. You do not have to be someone else although you admire to be that person. You can not force yourself or forced by others to make you become a person. You can be about something of your own. You can discover yourself by involving in community e vents, clubs and society in school or college or pregnant activities such charity or help someone. (Roker 2004) You will feel contained, utile and have hopes to live. You also realize that your life is meaningful.As you believe in yourself, you must be assertive as you are sure about your judgments and you have you own opinions and thought. Therefore, you must be able to voice out your opinions to others. You should not let anyone treat you like a doll, taking and contend you around. If you know that you are fooling by others and you are very angry, you should not keep and cry inside of you because you scare to let them know your real feeling. As you being assertive, you are able to express your feelings and desires non-aggressively to let other knows. (2 Know Myself 2007) You assert in what you want and do not want, you do not hide yourself in the behind, you step up to pursue your desire. In addition, there most common expression that most people are afraid of is saying No. If you are sure that you could not do, tell them No, sorry, I cannot do it.Another way to improve your self-confidence is setting realistic goals. Realistic goals must be achievable, neither too high nor low. The goals must meet your expectation and demand. Before that, you should understand your ability and create a reasonable standard for yourself. You cannot be good in everything. overly high standards or expectations will gradually weaken ones confidence and have self-doubt. In contrast, too low standards may cause one to be over-confident as he or she will of course feel so easy to reach his or her goals which make he or she think that I am the best. (Stevens 2005) It is no good for you to be perfectionist who likes to set unfeasible goals or high standard that hard to achieve for himself or herself and ends up self-confidence being degraded. (2 Know Myself 2007) A perfectionist will say I want everyone to love me, I can not make any mistake or I want to be perfect. (2 Know Mys elf) You should know that no one is perfect in this world. People will lose their confidence if their goals are not achieved. Hence, you can try to follow on your abilities, strengths, decisions and express yourself as confidence comes from you when you being the best of you and not being others. (Coan 2005) In fact, make good use of your talents and abilities, set your own achievable goals and concentrate in whatever you do. (Wix 2003) As you know what you can do best, you choose to become the master of your strengths by mastering the art of focusing your power in the most worthy rather than being perfectionist. From nothing, you increase your strengths which your self-confidence is improving too. (Swindell 2007)Again, another way to improve self-confidence is hearing. In order to have self-confidence, you must be willing to demand from experience and new things and keep on run acrossing. Self-confidence does not come immediately as you have to learn. You will not always be the same that is why you need to enhance yourself. Self-confidence is fragile, hence, you learn to adjudge it. This can be illustrated by knife which you need to sharpen it sometimes so that you can cut better and easily. For example, you have learned and recital to dance, hence, you can dance gracefully. Then, you retrovert and dance again after sometimes. You will not dance as graceful as last time but if you willing to learn and practice again, you will dance well again and if you keep on practicing, you even become better and better. When you learn well, you have understood what you do and you do not feel doubt or fear to do it as you have the confidence to do it already. Although you have learn well a skill, you must not furlough instead you practice to put forward and develop it. You need to learn forever.Specifically, you learn from experiences such mistakes, failures, criticisms and successes. Failure always makes ones feel lack of self-confidence. Failure will cause ones t o feel. A self-confidence person learns more by making a lot of mistakes and failures. He or she does not scare of failure instead accept the failure and identify the reason of your failing. Failure is able to develop you and help you to explore the outer world. You are failing when you give up.(Rybakov 2007) As you make more mistake, you have learn more by trying again and becoming better with confidence then you will get what you dream for. (Rybakov 2007) When your family members or friends criticize you, you do not have to feel disappointed. You evaluate the critics, identify whether the critics are true. If it is true, accept and learn from it, and interpolate it. If it is not, you can show them their mistakes of criticizing you.You also must be innovative, that is, willing to learn new things such as new skills and knowledge. People who are self-confident will not scare to try new things instead like new challenges. As the world is ever-changing rapidly, many things are changi ng too especially results of great invention and development of science and technology. Hence, we also should go with the trend and change to adapt to the new environment. As every new things or events come, our self-confidence will be lower because we do not know how to deal with them. Therefore, you should learn to handle them by developing yourself with new skills. In addition, you must be able to take risk as challenge, regardless big or small and the results, the process improves your self-confidence. (Zaak O Conan 2005) For instance, consider you do not know how to ride a cycles/second and you want to ride the bicycle. You need to learn to balance your body when horseback riding the bicycle. Of course, when you learn to balance, you will fell for number of times before you can ride the bicycle well. Here, you must not scare to fell, scare of unhinge as you take them as challenges.Self-confidence is the inner self-management towards reality and positive of oneself and the wo rld. People who are self-confidence have positive thinking, understand whom and how they are, trust in themselves, achievable goals, personality and strong will for development. We can maintain and build up our self-confidence by having favourable perceptions about ourselves and everything around us, conviction on your judgment and evaluation, hold on own self-concept, withdraw and real missions of life, and non-stop studying about life to increase standard of yourself. Self-confidence gives your power to live meaningfully. Self-confidence drives you to your dreams of successes. Although, self-confidence does not guarantee success, but, at least you have try to pursue what you wish for, and therefore, there is no regret at the end of your life. Therefore, close your eyes, think who you are and what do you want in your life, fill up your confidence and go after your dreams as time goes by fast and will not stop for you. On the other hand, you must know how to balance your confidence as do not have too much self-confidence, that is, overconfidence which may lead to failure too. It is improving and repairing your self-confidence, and not boost it up high. eccentricHawkins, J.M., Weston, J Swannell, JC 1998, The Oxford Study Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam.Stevens, TM 1998, Self-Confidence Our Expectation of Success, You Can prefer To Be Happy, Wheeler-Sutton Publishing Co.Chapter 6 Self-Confidence, United Stated Swimming. Retrieved November 16, 2007, from http//usaswimming.orgCoan, G 2005, extend More Self-Confident Retrieved October 24, 2007, from http//ezinearticles.com/?Become-More-Self-Confidenceid=10267Densky, A.B. 2006, Self-Confidence, What Is It And How Do I Get It? Neuro-Vision. Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http//www.neuro-vision.us/Article/Self-Confidence-What-Is-It.html alter confidence, BBC Relationship, The British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 16, 2007, from http//www.bbc.co.uk/rela tionships/improving_your_confidence/Kent, M 2007, The Oxford Dictionary of Sports cognizance Medicine Sports Science Medicine Information About Self-Confidence, The Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 8, 2007, from http//www.answer.com.topic/sefl-confidenceLopper, J 2007, How to Think Positively pall the bad habit of negative thinking. Retrieved November 16, 2007, from http//changing-personal-habits.suite101.com/article.cfm/how_to_think_positivelyMitchell, S 2007, Counseling Services self-annihilation Prevention Training (QPR) Self-Confidence, State University of New York at Buffalo. Retrieved October 24, 2007, from http//ub-counseling.buffalo.edu/self-con.shtmlRaudsepp, E 2004 sozzled Self-Esteem Can Help You Advance, The Wall Street Journal executive director Career, CareerJournal.com, Dow Jones Company, Inc. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http//www.careerjournal.com/myc/climbing/20040810-raudsepp.html The National Womens Health Information Center (NHWHIC), U.S . 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2007, from http//www.girlshealth.gov/mind/selfconfidence.low.htmRybakov, E 2007, Self-esteem guide Improve Your Self-Confidence Through Mistakes And Failure. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from http//www.self-esteem-guide.com/ImproveYourSelf-Confidence.htmlRoker, MM 2004 ten-spot Empowering Tips For Your Teen. Retrieved October 24, 2007, from http//www.suite101.com/article.cfm/parenting_insights/110824Rubino, J, n.d. Definition pissing Self-Confidence. Retrieved November 8, 2007, from http//www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Definition_Building_Self-Confidence.htmlSelf-Confidence Building Self-confidence, 2 Know Myself 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http//www.2knowmyself.com/self_confidence/Building_self_confidenceSigns of Self-Confidence, 2 Know Myself 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http//www.2knowmyself.com/self_confidence/Building_self_confidenceSwindell, G 2007, The Voice of Change Developing Your Self-Confidence. Retrieved November 17, 200 7, from http//www.geneswindell.com/articles.htmWix, DG 2003, How To Build Your Self-Confidence After a Layoff. Retrieved November 8, 2007, from http//www.mental-health-matters.com/articles/article.php?artID=616Zaak OConan, 2005, Boost Your Confidence How to Succeed At Being Yourself. Retrieved November 16, 2007, from ReedFloren.com

Green marketing: Promoting environmentally friendly products

young merc runising Promoting surroundally companionable ingatheringsAbstractGreen merchandising is selling of products that argon surroundal safe. Companies marketing their green achievements were once a small segment of forward-thinking shapings, hardly since grown into a group of marvellous advocates that includes an oil lodge and the worlds largest seller. surroundingsal palsy-walsy production is vital in running future economies. By nature, plants take carbon dioxide from the air and break down oxygen in respiration process. By doing this, they annoy ecology sound and sustainable. Companies should stop polluting the environment and make their existence sensible and sustainable. They should go green.This subject discusses what is green trade, and to what extent ar companies integrating its principles into their communications i.e. positioning green and green thinking into their operations? Paper also foc offices on what is the magnetic core of green selling in the satisfaction of the contains and deprivations of consumers.The challenges in an trend of going green are also put in the paper. arrangement strategies for Green i. e environment- affectionate products are suggested in the paper.Keywords Green marketing, positioning green, environmentIntroductionAccording to the Ameri rat Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, promotional material changes, as swell up as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is non a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other(a) an example of this exit be the existence of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached to this term. Other similar terms used are environmental Marketing and Ecological MarketingGreen marketing refers to the process o f marketing products and/or work based on their environmental turn a profits. such(prenominal) a product or service whitethorn be environmentally friendly in itself or produced and/or packaged in an environmentally friendly way.The obvious assumption of green marketing is that potential consumers bequeath flock a product or services greenness as a benefit and base their buying decision accordingly. The not-so-obvious assumption of green marketing is that consumers forget be willing to pay more(prenominal) for green products than they would for a less-green comparable alternative product an assumption that, in my opinion, has not been proven conclusively.While green marketing is growing greatly as change magnitude human bodys of consumers are willing to back their environmental consciousnesses with their dollars, it can be dangerous. The public hunts to be sceptical of green claims, to begin with and companies can earnestly damage their brands and their sales if a green claim is discovered to be false or contradicted by a companys other products or practices. Presenting a product or service as green when its not is called greenwashing.Green marketing can be a very powerful marketing strategy though when its done right.Also Known as environmental Marketing, Ecological Marketing, Eco-Marketing.Common Misspellings Geen marketing, gren marketing.ExampleChads green marketing campaign bombed becEnvironmental Product StrategiesThere are a large number of environmental issues impacting on the production of goods and products. For exampleWhat is the impact of production, sourcing of materials and packaging on the environment?Can minimum levels of packaging and/or environmentally friendly packaging be achieved with off com declare product quality or appeal?provider practices i.e. are they at least as environmentally friendly as the organisation they are supplying?Environmentally friendly products can step-up and minify production cost environmentally frien dly production whitethorn profit costs for organisations and their suppliers but this may be rack upset by lower fuel bills through zilch efficiency measures or an increase in sales caused by a positive product image. An organisation may able to sink increases in production costs (caused by EFS) to consumers. However, this will depend on the level of increase, type of consumer, competitor prices for the same(p) type of product and the strength of the economy. For example during times of recession consumers will place price above numerous if not all of the factors make up the marketing mix.Environmental Place StrategiesAll organisations will want to conservatively time when their product reaches consumers exact time of distribution will depend on the product or service being distributed. Such timing may piss an environmental implication.Some products will convey to reach the consumer shortly after production for example fresh aliment in order to retain freshness, taste or nutritional value. The fast-breaking method of distribution may damage the environment. Conversely a more environmentally friendly method e.g. via canals may impact on raceing of distribution and accordingly quality of the product. A method of distribution that combines speed with environmentally friendliness may increase distribution costs as some of these processes are still under development e.g. electric vehicles.In addition to the type of transport used for distribution, an organisation will occupy to review distribution techniques For example timing deliveries so that they occur during off peak hours and do not contribute to congestion. Some organisations attempt to make fewer deliveries, whilst others promote concentrated products (e.g. fabric conditioner) as they increase the number of products that can carried in each delivery vehicle.Even if environmentally friendly distribution is not at the top of an organisations list of priorities, government policies may elevate it to the top. Congestion charging and low emission zones wee been introduced in the London. obscure from the obvious increase in costs emanating from observance of such policies, a failure to observe environmentally friendly rules and regulations will lead to fines and sanctions and consequently negative publicity.After reviewing internal distribution methods an organisation will need to review supplier and subcontractor distribution as consumers and the media expect organisations claiming environmental documentation to only when liaise with other environmentally friendly organisations.. For example do the subcontractors use Bio-fuel? Are the subcontractors actively managing their carbon footprint or energy use?Environmental Promotion StrategiesDue to the consumer, celebrity and government proclivity for protecting the environment environmentally friendly practices are used as promotional tools. For example the award of ISO 14001 (which certifies that an organisation has cert ain environmental standards, as certified by an independent external auditing organisation) is often quoted in marketing literature.Product packaging that can be recycled will have a message on the packaging clearly stating the recycling properties for the packaging. Similarly organic products will be labelled, not only on the packaging but also around the shelving displaying the organic produce.Some organisations have sought to curve costs through the promotion of environmentally friendly strategies. The use of attack aircraft carrier bags has changed dramatically in the UK over the last 2-3 years. Retailers actively promote the benefit of reusable bags as they have many benefitsLower costs for the retailerConsumers feel good as they believe that the use of a reusable bag is helping the environmentFewer carrier bags go to landfill other example is hotels twistinging guests the opportunity to interest in fewer linen and towel changes. Such strategy is environmentally friendly as it reduces the use of detergents and energy but it also reduces costs for the hotel and improves corporate image.Some organisations providing products and services which may harm the environment have added off setting methods to their portfolios and marketing literature. The idea behind off setting is that the consumer is offered the opportunity to indirectly engage in an activity (such as tree planting) that benefits the environment and therefore balances/evens out the damage they caused for example through flying. Such schemes attempt to ease the consumers conscience and retain a positive image for the organisation providing the environmentally unfriendly product or service.Environmental Pricing StrategiesThroughout this member we have discussed how environmentally friendly strategies can either increase or decrease organisational costs. The ideal marketing mix is a reduction in costs and/or an increased in costs which is exceeded by an increase in profits.Pricing must refle ct the demand for the product an incorrectly priced product will reduce demand this is now further complicated by the impact environmental issues have on pricing. If an organisation is paying more for raw materials because the supplier is environmentally friendly it may decide to pass on this price increase to the consumer, the amount the ideal amount will be dictated by the shoot for consumer.On the other hand companies cutting costs and increasing profits at the expense of the environment may be risking negative publicity, fines, sanctions or may simply ache out to organisations actively promoting their environmentally friendly practices even if such competitors offer more expensive products and services.SummaryThe environmental marketing mix is adequate extremely important in todays business world. Firms will have to carefully manage this mix if they are to successfully operate in a world which is becoming increasingly aware of climatic changes.Wheres the beef? may not be the most accurate phrase, but its the first that comes to mind.Seriously, thats the only thought I could come up with in the face of this intelligence McDonalds is swapping out the red in its logo for a deep hunter green to tout its environmental credentials in Europe.From an Associated Press article by Mary MacPherson LaneAbout 100 German McDonalds restaurants will make the change by the end of 2009, the company said in a statement Monday. Some franchises in Great Britain and France have already started using the smart color scheme behind their Golden Arches.This is not only a German initiative but a Europe-wide initiative, Martin Nowicki, McDonalds Germany spokesman, told The Associated Press. The company has warmed to greener practices, including environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel fuel.With this new appearance we want to clarify our responsibility for the preservation of natural resources. In the future we will put an even larger focus on that, Hoger Beek, vice chairman of McDonalds Germany, said in the statement.Leaving aside the organic unsustainability of the fast food industry as a whole, this is not to put that there is nothing behind McDonalds claims of environmental action the company is operative on green buildings, electric vehicles and published a report rather this year highlighting its best green efforts.Who are the green consumers? grounds the demographics of green consumerism can help entrepreneurs explore the environmental market, and home in on likely prospects. Research has shown that green consumersare sincere in their intentions, with a growing commitment to greener lifestylesalmost always judge their environmental practices as inadequatedo not expect companies to be perfect in order to be considered green. Rather, they look for companies that are taking substantive steps and have made a commitment to improve.However, they also operate to overstate their green behaviour, including the number of green products they actually usewant environmental protection to be easy, and not to entail major sacrificestend to distrust companies environmental claims, unless they have been independently verifiedlack intimacy some environmental issues, and tend not to trust themselves to evaluate scientific information about environmental impacts. However, at the same time they are eager to learn, and this means that consumer education is one of the most effective strategies that entrepreneurs can use.The most responsive age group tends to be young adults, many of whom are influenced by their children. In addition, women are a key target for greener products, and often make purchases on behalf of men.The best green customers are throng with more money to spend. As a result, the most promising products for green tend to be at the higher end of the market. The most promising outlets for green products are retail stores frequented by better-off shoppers.In general, green consumers have th e education and intellectual orientation to appreciate value they will find out evidence that is presented in support of environmental claims.In the US, children and teens are mainly more concerned than adults about the environment, and are more knowledgeable about green alternatives. Increasingly, they influence their parents purchasing decisions. Equally importantly, millions of them will reach maturity in the next decade, and gain purchasing power of their own.At the resister end of the age spectrum, US consumers born before the 1950s are the least green. As their numbers diminish, their share of consumer purchases will dwindle.In Canada, children and parents uniform tend to have strong environmental concerns. Older people, too, tend to be active green purchasers.