Case Study Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis - encase Study ExampleBy the End of October 2002, the project was terminated. However, from the report of the Auditor cosmopolitan, it was found that as against the judge $ 38.2 million expenditure, the new project estimate was $ 135.1 million, out of which $ 61 million was already spent. Auditor habitual found serious issues regarding the incorporated governance in Sydney piddle. First of all, the reporting of the management to the Board on important issues was not detailed and timely. In addition, the Board did not oversee the project as it was conjectural to do. Thirdly, the issues were not properly disclosed in the Annual Report 2002. 1. Cultural attitude within Sydney Water It is evident from the report of the Auditor General that the cultural attitude within Sydney Waters was not graceful a well-functioning organization. One of the main factors that become evident is the widespread belief in the Sydney Water that outsourcing of major(ip) projects will transfer all the risks to the contractor and that there is no need of the user cooperation in the make (Review of Sydney Waters Customer Information and Billing System, 2003). The GM-Customer Service was of the opinion that by paying a premium to PwC, the fixed price contract would give a strong legal backup to Sydney Water. The selfsame(prenominal) view was expressed by the Audit Committee and the all in all Sydney Water management. So, they were not so needlelike in updating their risk management process, and were not interested in amounting up the DMR recommendations. another(prenominal) issue is poor record keeping. Some important documents that were found missing in the Auditor Generals review were final business case, tendering processes, and net present value calculations for the project (ibid). Another full point is the totally lethargic attitude exhibited by the Board of Directors. It is a well-known fact that the Board is in a flash responsible to the s take overholders, an d hence is responsible to act in a manner that protects the interests of stakeholders. Hence, it is for the board to deal with challenges and issues relating to corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and corporate ethics. As a part of this, it is the responsibility of the directors to make sealed that proper books of account are kept. However, in the case of Sydney Water, it can be seen that the board failed to control the whole procedure in a proper way. Firstly, it initiated the process without a proper architecture framework in place, and then failed to avail and analyze the progress of the project. When its managing director, focal point committee, and other responsible ones failed to function as directed, it failed to take necessary actions to ensure compliance with the company strategies. In addition, one can observe that officers ranging from the project manager, the steering committee, and general managers of customer service acted in a lethargic and careles s way. They failed to provide adequate reports and to follow the usual procedures of communication in the group. On the one hand, there was lack of common consensus about the responsibilities of individually stakeholder, and on the other, they did not care about the interest of the company and its stakeholders. In the words of Schwalbe (2008, p.6), a boffo project should meet its scope goal, cost goal, and time goal. It is very evident that the CIBS project failed to meet all the three goals. To meet these ends, the management should show good human resource

Is Experience More Preferable over Academic Results Personal Statement

Is Experience More Prefer fit over Academic Results - Personal Statement role modelMy major is economics hence working in this environment was both beneficial and eye-opening for me. As a personal assistant I was able-bodied to see the CEO go through her day and the contrasting decisions she was required to develop for the benefits of the lineage. Here I learned my first lesson which was that one must even out in the practical world and must be ready to make on the spot decisions. The CEO was unceasingly under a lot of pressure and had to attend to many different things at the same time. However, I was admirable of her capability to keep calm and delegate each requirement in ways which enabled every the requirements to be met.The economic world is also the same in the sense that economies are always changing. In order for one to stay ahead in this field, he or she should be ready to adjust to different markets and different conditions. One can easily be overwhelmed by the con stant changes or requirements, however, the internship taught me that it is easier to make decisions with a cooler head and panicking only slows down the thinking and adaptive process. I was also able to see the different business decisions that the company made and the CEO gave me some advice in about business and how one is always required to take risks, however, they must be calculated and not place the virtue of the person or the company in jeopardy.I also learned many things from being part of a working environment. There are many different characters and people in a company and there will naturally be conflicts of interest at some point. This is especially present in field involving economics as the profession is very competitive. Hence, by being in this environment I was able to learn about teamwork and how working well with others can help one fulfill his or her duties.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Marketing - Essay ExampleExamples of transnational companies ar Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Toyota Motor Corporation and Procter & chance Company (Doole & Lowe, 2008). International Marketing In foreign marketing, multinational companies may adopt either a worldwide marketing approach or a multi-domestic marketing approach. The global marketing approach involves growing a standardized marketing plan, which is implemented with minimal modifications in both home and all world(prenominal) markets. An advantage of global marketing approach is the economies of scale to production and marketing activities. This standardized system cuts be since it allows large-scale production runs and strengthens the image of the brand. A global marketing strategy can nurture cooperative innovation and can excellently boost sales of goods and services to across markets that have common cultures and languages. This strategy is effective particularly in marketing goods with strong, univers al appeal. Global advertising media such as multinational print and broadcasting channels help companies to convey a oneness message to the international reference (Kaynak, 2002). Cost-effectiveness in the implementation of the global marketing approach is its major but most multinational companies are often faced with the need to segment their international markets and develop marketing strategies that meet the unique inescapably of the organize market in specific countries. Multi-domestic marketing approach takes into consideration the differences between the characteristics of different international markets and develops marketing strategies tailored for each market. Most multi-national companies modify their marketing approaches to successfully appeal to indivi two-fold target markets in the belief that most goods and services demand multi-domestic marketing approaches to give them an appeal on the global market. Market characteristics such as geography, culture and languag e make it difficult to employ a single market strategy across different segments of international markets. Nevertheless, some particular situations may let multinational companies standardize some aspects of the marketing strategies but tailor others. Some multi-domestic marketing mix approaches for selecting the most give up marketing strategy for a particular international market are product invention, straight extension, dual adaptation, promotion adaptation and product adaptation (Onkvisit & Shaw, 2008). Multinational companies may also choose among countertrade, dissemination and distribution strategies. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart is one of the largest retail chains globally operating diverse kinds of retail stores. The stores range from vicinity stores, supercenters, tax deduction stores and online retail stores/clubs. Wal-Mart offers wide-ranging products, goods and services including drugs and pharmaceutical products fitness and beauty aids cameras, optical supplies and photograph bear upon household goods and chemicals apparels clothes and shoes stationery and books housewares and furnishings electronics appliances automobile accessories horticultural products, sporting merchandises toys pet food and items (Kaynak, 2002). The neighborhood markets include fresh groceries, meat and dairy products, deli, baked foods, frozen foods, medications, paper goods and general merchandise

Family business's - Hinduja group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family businesss - Hinduja mathematical classify - Essay Examplentrepreneurial endeavors as they all seek to exploit wealth opportunities in order to draw wealth for the financial welf atomic number 18 of the founding families. People who went on to build their own family empires founded various medium-large international companies like Ford, BMW as well as Wal-Mart among others. This implies that family businesses play an important role in frugal development finished their contributions to the business world while at same time creating investment environments that are secure, safe and open (Fernandez Perez and Colli, 2014, p. 63). A variety of approaches exist through which academics can assess the relative successes of family businesses including through considering family governance, the performance of the business, its philanthropy, social responsibility as well as corporate governance.Family governance is comprised of agreements that inform the participation mingled with the business and the families while at the same time emphasizing on the aspects that will run into the family business grow from generation to generation (Poutziouris, Smyrnios and Goel, 2013, p. 133). Family governance also entails distribution of power in the alliance among the different members of the family. In general, family governance is a management technique which that covers more than one generation and is think to make sure that the history of the family, its wealth as well as values extend past(a) the archetypal two generations. According to the Harvard Business School, family governance is comprised of three aspects including periodic meetings of the members and a representative group of members that is tasked with planning, the creation of policies and consolidation of business-family bonds and communication (Miller and Le Breton-Miller, 2005, p. 292). The third aspect is family constitution that provides policies and guidelines to regulate the relationship betwee n the members with the business. These aspects make sure that there is clarity in regards to the

Enviromental concerns of overpopulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enviromental concerns of overpopulation - Essay Example notwithstanding this, the technology has had negative personal effects on some aspects of the human existence. In the recent past, the population increase has been alarming. This has pose some challenges in the maintenance of our environment. This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of environmental concerns of overpopulation. Environmental concerns of overpopulation The population growth rate in the twenty first century has been alarming. This has resulted in the exploitation of natural resources, which has exposed the world to more danger. Despite this, most of the stakeholders in population issues have not been active enough to sensitize the threat posed to all persons across the formal. According to research conducted by global footprint network, the water necessary to support the resources we currently use has declined. Taking into consideration the population at hand, and the food and water they consume, keen se ek is evidence. To be able to handle the problem effectively, the current technologies in recycling have helped a great deal. Despite this, if the population continuously increases, the technology may not be able to sustain approaching day global needs. Currently, various cities around the globe are experiencing water shortages, which were not experienced in the past. On the other hand, technological advancements have resulted in machinery replacing persons in various industries. This creates unemployment, which effects alarming due to the big population. Thus, population control and education is necessary so that no resources to be used in the future are exploited now represent future generations into trouble. It would be too late for us to reply when the disaster have befallen (Friedman 1). Human population has increased to alarming numbers resulting to overuse of the currently purchasable resources. These exploitations have bear upon various aspects of life not only in h uman race simply also in the animal kingdom. Global warming has resulted from alteration of the normal environmental conditions of various regions posing danger to the existence of humankind. In the United States of America, well-informed and equipped institutions such as NASA should provide adapted information without exaggeration on the current state of global warming. It is evident that the living conditions have been affected and according to Friedman, The weather gets weird. The hots are expected to get hotter, the wets wetter, the dries drier and the most violent storms more legion(predicate) (Friedman 1). Through too much pollution by the large number of the worlds population, more heat is trapped resulting into the alterations of the temperatures (Frazier 1). This affects the world in social, political, and economic aspects (Krugman 1). As a result, various institutions across the globe have been conduction numerous researches on renewable energy and increased efficiency. This has been brought forth by the ingenuousness that most human activities are catastrophic and irreversible. In most countries such as china, Russia and Iran among others, various transformations are being conducted in transport and energy sources to ensure that the damage caused by the enormous population on the environment is curtailed. This is because the world population may have increased by about a troika translating to about 9.2 billion by 2050. Thus, lack of proper implementation of effective strategies, the world may become inhabitable in future (Diamond 5). In some cases, issues relating to overpopulation have encountered rejection from various persons who directly or indirectly benefit from natural resources exploitation activities. This contributes, to enormous pollution and exploitation of natural

Mergers & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay ExampleMergers and acquisitions represent the ultimate in stir for a bank line No other event is more difficult, challenging, or chaotic as a jointure and acquisition. It is imperative that everyone involved in the process has a clear understanding of how the process whole works. Since the past decade, the globalisation of the businesses across the globe has initiated a search for the competitive advantage, worldwide. With the increased competition to aim the customer satisfaction in a cost effective way, the companies have responded to the pressure of attaining scale in a quickly consolidating global economy. In addition to some other trends, such as privatisation, deregulating and corporate restructuring, globalisation has encouraged an unparalleled surge in the cross-border merger and the acquisition activities.Cross-border consolidation activities argon a significant component of global business operations.This report will look into the merger s and acquisitions of companies in the groundless of current issues. For better understanding, the analysis would be done in the light of relevant theories and applications with the mention of particular examples in the arena of merger and acquisitions. Through merger, two companies would join together to create a new company.Acquisition refers to one company taking over the assets of another company. Merger and acquisition can be of three types Horizontal, Vertical and Conglomerate. In horizontal mergers and acquisitions, two firms, involved, deal across similar products and go. This type of mergers and acquisitions is much used as the mean for an organisation to enhance the market share through getting into merger with a competing firm or by acquiring the same. For an instance, consolidation among Mobil and Exxon would allow these companies to attain a deep chunk of share in the oil and gas market. Vertical mergers and acquisitions happen when two organisations are integrat ed through the value-chain, such as any manufacturer firm merging with one supplier or a manufacturer acquiring its supplier firm. Vertical consolidation processes are mostly used as significant mean to gain the competitive advantage in the respective marketplace by supplement on the value chain. For an instance, Merck, a leading pharmaceuticals manufacturer, merged with the leading pharmaceuticals distributor, Medco. This was done to fetch the benefits in products distribution. Consolidations are mingled when two firms from entirely dissimilar industries merge. For an instance, a gas pipeline organisation merging with proud technology organisation or acquiring the same can be seemed as a conglomerate merger. Conglomerates are mostly used as significant mean to smooth out broad fluctuations in the revenue amount and offer more constancy in the growth in long-term. Typically, organisations in the rise industries which have poor growth prospects would seek to broaden their busines ses horizons through mergers and acquisitions. For an instance, General Electric has diversified its business through merger and acquisition activities. GE has got into new segments like television broadcasting and financial services through a number of mergers and acquisitions of the financial services and entertainment organisations. Mergers and Acquisitions in fall in Kingdom United Kingdom has been the host of a number of mergers and acquisitions. The value of UK domestic acquisitions in the third quarter, 2010, amounted to ?2.6 billion which is more or less up

Respond post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Respond post - Essay ExampleSafety remains innate aspect in engineering. A company is trying to cut its production cost while comprising the safe of the user is a huge mistake, especially automobile company. The life of the number one wood of a vehicle is open on the efficiency the vehicle when the safety of the driver is not put into consideration while manufacturing the car, and it exposes the driver to any risk. Competing in a merchandise where profit is incurred in cost reduction have force companies like GM not recall faulty cars in order to protect their market per centum from dropping.This method should not be the best when the business products involve human safety. There should be streak that control business operating in product that risk to human beingsThe business that is leaving the market out-of-pocket financial loss that lead them been bankrupt is questioning that has no answer. Many of these instances occur due to poor management. The business has failed in p roviding quality products. This obligation is neglected in search of financial gain. Customers are making their decision on purchases based on the value and quality. If a business fail to chance upon the demand, it is likely to have a drastic reduction in its sale. Business should put quality as a core of its operation to survive the dynamic

Case Analysis on Ryan Air Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

revealline on Ryan Air - Case Study ExampleThus, in 2004, the companys short-term market orientation entangled segmenting by lifestyle and by income bracket in the European marketplace in order to bring up to a broader target consumer audience.The key stakeholders in the firm include all staff members responsible for carrying out strategic objectives, the communities in which Ryanair thrives, as well as the customers who frequent Ryanair as their low-cost carrier of choice. red-blooded the stakeholder appears to be the firms long-term charge in Europe in lieu of having no established, formalised mission or vision statement. Lack of such a mission or vision may be involved in the rationale for why Ryanair experienced sales declines in 2004, however this will be discussed in further detail in this case analysis report.This report will highlight factors in both the internal and external business environment which are plaguing Ryanair in terms of maintaining a strategic orientation that is completely congruent with sales goals and growth initiatives. A micro- and macro-level analysis of the firm in 2004 is proposed in this report.PEST analysis is an acronym for political, frugal, social an... Each of the aforementi unitaryd forces are categorised by a ill-tempered macro-level external influence, each of which directly impacts strategic direction at Ryanair. The external political environment is one of significant advantage to Ryanair, as the majority of its trading operations are contained within Europe. It is relatively common knowledge that this region maintains political stability, thus Ryanair does not experience issues with governmental instability in Europe as a concern regarding passenger volumes or flight destinations. However, outside of the European marketplace, the firm maintains significant economic difficulties posed by political forces such as OPEC, the organisation responsible for oil production in the Middle East. As the majority of intern ational revenues in the Mid-East regions stem from oil and oil production/distribution, the catamenia methodology of global supply chain (in relation to where oil is delivered based on price and overall demand) incurs large-scale costs to Ryanair who, like other business entities, is unable to secure low-cost fuel collectable to political forces which drive oil distribution. This assessment of the external political environment is well-supported by Ryanair documentation highlight 2004 as a year of challenges stemming largely from the cost of oil which continued to escalate in this fussy period (Annual Report, 2004). The economic environment in which Ryanair thrives in 2004 is relatively stable in terms of maintaining operations successfully and contributing to the financial well-being of European nations in the process. The European Union, consisting of a large amount of money of developed countries in Europe, maintains a high value for its integrated currencies, suggesting tha t this region is

No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

No - Essay ExampleIn discussing Tiffany in the context of the forces considered in performing and environmental s butt, it has been evident that the last couple of years, politics and political economy have continued to play a critical role in driving different companies in the jewelry industry so as to stay competitive. The issue of blood diamonds continue to elicit abstruse reactions. The current economic conditions has made the jewelry industry face a downturn especially in occasions like the Valentines Day and Christmas.The risks that Tiffany needs to consider in conducting its ope dimensionns include the copiousness of counterfeit goods which is adversely affecting the sales of the branded accessories for Tiffany. This is further worsened by the increasing meshwork retailing which continues to make Tiffanys efforts in fighting counterfeit goods more challenging and consequently makes the federation to lose its brand equity hence a threat because of increases customer dissati sfaction due to the detrimental jut out of the company. Another threat continues to be the slowdown in the US economy which continues to depress the purchasing ability of the retail customers hence having a counter effect on the growth of revenue and the margins of the company. The fact that this does not augur well for retail chains like Tiffany makes it threat that needs serious consideration.To establish whether TIF can take on more debt, we computed the companys debt ratio or capital gearing ratio which measures the symmetricalness of debt finance capital employed by the company. The debt ratio of Tiffany is 43.41% hence the companys pecuniary position as regards to debts is healthy as it is less geared. The debt equity ratio provides a measure of the proportion of non-owner supplied funds to owners contribution. Tiffanys debt equity ratio is 59.25% meaning that the

Suicides linked to bullied victims Research Paper

Suicides link to bullied victims - Research Paper ExampleMany innocent lives have been lost owing to this problem of hector and these precious lives could have been saved if proper intervention and help was provided for these outgrowths. Bullying can be define as toys of aggression which ladder to humiliate the victim through every possible mean. According to Olweus, A student is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other students (Olweus 2001 p 5-6). Thus, bullying is basically a essence of degrading a person to an extent that he may lose his confidence and morale and tend to consider options like felo-de-se as the only solution. Different fortuitys have marked the severity of this act of bullying. Innocent young teenagers have died due to being the victims of humiliation. The examples of Tylor Cementi who was an 18 year old boy and pentad Prince who was a 15 year old girl serve as e ye openers to postgraduatelight the make love of bullying. Tylor Cementi was a bright and intelligent boy who enrolled new in his university. Cementi was a homosexual and his sexual orientation course was used as a point to bully him. His colleagues plotted against him and made a video of his semiprivate pass off with his homosexual partner. They then posted it on the internet which served to publicize a private encounter of Clementi. The young boy could not face this humiliation and he found it easier to submit him to death quite an than face this embarrassment. He jumped off a bridge and committed felo-de-se. The suicide of Tylor Clementi was a tragic incident and it was an example of cyberspace bullying. It left a great impact (Schwartz 2011). Phoebe Prince enrolled new in her school, siemens Hadley High Schoolafter she moved from Ireland to the United States with her family. She became the target of the bullies and had to undergo severe pressure and noetic exertion. She was bullied for three months in her school by different means which include calling her with names as well as physical harassment by the bullies. They used to give her disgracing names to humiliate her. The affectionate networking sites served as another way to further bully Phoebe and to further publicly humiliate her. She in the long run could not face the pressure and gave up her race of life and committed suicide. Her death came as a shock and it served a great effect owing to the fact her suicide had just shortly followed the suicide of another young boy of 11 years in a school located in close vicinity to South Hadley High School. Serious notice of the incident was taken by the government activity body in the state of Massachusetts which started formulating plans for the passage of laws to check into matters of bullying. The school also started to consider the issue seriously and started working towards creation of bodies to tackle the issue of bullying (Eckholm and Zezima 2010). Strong correlations and links between suicide and bullying have been reported. There has been an alarming rise in the suicide rate throughout the world. It is study that amongst youth suicide ranks as the third reason of death. The CDC reports that 4400 deaths can attributed to suicide annually. Students who are enrolled in high school show very high levels of suicide and it has been analyzed that 7 percent of these students have very tried to commit suicide. A research conducted by the Yale

Literature review Walkable Streets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature review Walkable Streets - Essay ExampleWalkable streets ar actually sh bed spaces. They are actually designed for all types of people irrespective of being on foot, cars, on wheelchairs, or even bicycles. A passing playable street actually makes you have the urge to step outside. This means that at that place are interesting things worry trees, people, apartment buildings and homes as you move along. A walkable street is the one that does not make you feel care you are risking your life when crossing it. This is because it has sidewalks, lighting, curb ramps, benches, and signals that will all aid you while crossing it. In summary, a walkable street would lead to any destination that you want to go (Urban Ecology, 2011).Many communities are actually embracing the mobility of pedestrians as a substitute to reducing dependency on automobiles. This shift is attributed to the fact that dependency on automobiles is ecologically unsustainable because of increased pollutio n, and in any case reduced walking diminishes social interaction and mixing of populations (Pivo, Gary, & Fisher, 2010). According to Hutarabat Lo (2009) he argues that there are several ways that can make a place walkable. Sidewalks should be erected where there are sidewalk gaps with priority being given to those areas that make headway walking like schools, stations of transit, stadiums, and more or less congested public areas. Moreover, certain obstructions like utility poles and posts can actually decrease the walkable width of the sidewalk. congruous lighting and maintenance of the side walk is to be sustained so as to reduce obstructions, encourage walking, and improve safety. In addition, another way of making the sidewalks safer is by implementing buffers because they absorb carbon dioxide from automobile emissions and also aiding in water drainage. Making of crosswalks is safer and a key component to walkability. Curb extensions decrease the radii of corners of the cur b at various intersections. Moreover, curb extensions calm the traffic and also decrease the distance pedestrians have to cross. While on the streets with parking, the curb extensions allow pedestrians to see the oncoming traffic better where they would otherwise be forced to walk into the street to see past the parked cars. The zebra crossings or striped crosswalks also propose safer avenues for crossing because they provide better visibility for both the pedestrians and drivers (Zehner, 2012). Walkable streets in relationship with public transit A walkable street must contain a relatively large number of friendly pedestrians. This is because many people are of the touch that the different physical street designs features are sufficient enough to create walkability. The best designed streets are actually not walkable if we walk in them. On the other hand, streets that are poorly designed are memorably walkable if it contains a large number of people. Very little is more enjoyabl e and attractive to piece than an inherently vibrant, festive place filled with blissful and sociable people (Nozzi, 2011). Whether driving,

Land Registration Act Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

prop Registration Act Reforms - Essay eccentricPrevious to this act, the un tapeed soils were regulated by the 1925 property legislation and the common law and equity rules. The humans of the 2002 Land Registration Act brings about a revolutionary change in the way imparting in Wales and England is carried on, and also to create a modern land registration system1. The primary aim of the Land Registration Act 2002 is to significantly reduce the amount of overturn interests which can potentially bind a registered title purchaser and replace most of them with entries which are registrable. 2. Registered Land Registered land refers to the land where the title of the land has been registered into the Land Registry and the objective is to make an registered entry of ownership of land and also of the third society which is involved into the registration process. The theory states the purchaser may not need to look other than into the register to make enquiries regarding the price of land purchased. In actual causation, if overriding interests are applicable on a piece of land, which may happen even in case when the buyer is bound to the land and the relieve oneself of purchaser appears nowhere into the register, then the purchaser needs to look far beyond the register. Registered land ownership is often more striking than the ownership of unregistered land.2 Wherever the title has been registered, they are bound to be ascertainable and registered from the register however it is often subject to overriding interests. 3. Aspects of Overriding Interests Overriding interests are chiefly the interests that are given for registered land which has not been registered and it binds the purchaser to the land. Overriding interests can be divided into ii categories - the overriding on the first registrations (mentioned under LRA 2002 of s. 1) and the overriding registered disposition (mentioned under LRA 2002, s. 3). In both the schedules, connatural categories of in terests terms are mentioned, although there are many restrictions within the scope of these interests. Overriding interests is applicable on short leases and it provides the right to people who are actually occupying the land,3 while it does not include mortgages of registered land or estates, the third parties which are registered against the estate and the short term lease which overrides minor interests. If the third troupe is overriding interests against the registered estate, then it automatically gets the right to bind the buyers. This can be compared to the legal interests, which is provided against unregistered title. If the third party does not override, then it becomes the minor interest which will bind the purchasers only in a condition when it is protected through some type of register entry (This is comparable to the land charges required for registration). It is tell by the mirror principle that until it affects the title, the legal use of the enjoyment of the land c an never be complete and this means the category should be abolished or it should be significantly reduced. There are sometimes a number of interests which includes the legal and equitable interests which are not on the register and it binds the purchaser of the land, irrespective of the inconsistency of notice with the concept of title registration.4 Other related aspects of the proposals of overriding intere

Impact of Financial crises in the real estate investment sector of UAE Research Paper

Impact of Financial crises in the real estate investment sector of UAE ( UAE is a country which is United Arab Emirates) - Research Paper lessonAlso, construction highly contributes to the economy of a country. These sectors intensify and make the financial structures extra adequate by assisting in lessening informal sources of finance, enhancing access, and assisting in mobilizing savings. In addition, real estate lending, including development and commercial investments get down the capacity to make the financial system to be unstable, predominantly if connected to speculative and recurring securities industry dangers, as highlighted by the continued worldwide financial calamities (Fried, 2012). This paper will look at the do of financial predicaments in the real estate investment sector of United Arab Emirates. Growth of Companies At the start, the companies which were touch were those which were engaged in mortgage lending and home construction in a direct way. This is becau se the companies could not get financial support through the credit sector. Almost one hundred corporations became bankrupt in the recent recessions. The growth of companies has been slowing down after the recent recessions. House building companies, despite the fearful discounts they adjudge been giving on their works, do found it difficult to make sales. This is because a large subprogram of companies cannot contend with the mark down in value in the largely scathe resale sector (Fried, 2012). A large part of tolerate sales made by real estate companies now consist foreclosure. This is an indication of persistent grocery failure. Moreover, foreclosures are becoming a prominent component of the limited market situation that they are increasingly being used as the standard. Also, manufacturing companies drive home sharply decreased their activities and then lessening their growth (Fried, 2012). Individuals are no longer able to buy new residences, which mean that house con structing companies are compelled to desert construction assignments. Think of all the materials that are employed in furnishing and constructing a category all the companies that develop these materials, in general, have suffered decreased sales to create market value. Manufacturing companies, already suffering deterioration, are falling in a dramatic manner. These companies are also filing for bankruptcy after shutting down a number of their dealerships and factories, despite unparalleled economic assistance from the United Arab Emirates governments. Also, a number of chief companies have crashed, taken over by the different governments, or attained downstairs constraint. Growth of Investment The financial crises have also had an impact on the growth of investment in the United Arab Emirates. The financial predicaments have caused a spectacular alteration in the purchasing decisions of home owners and have had a tremendous effect on the revival of the property markets in the Unit ed Arab Emirates. The financial crises have caused a decline in the growth of investment. Several studies conducted in the United Arab Emirates head that the financial issues have had a significant impact on the purchasing decisions which are made by home owners. The outcomes indicate that over 50% of home owners have a feeling that the financial problems have had an impact on their property purchasing resolutions. In addition, almost 33% of homeowners are waiting for the property values to arouse before they can take part in the real estate market (Schweizer,2009). It has also been highlighted that forward to the financial crises

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay mannequinThe higher the real ratio the greater is the companys ability to pay its bills. It is in addition a tool which also helps make rational decisions in maintaining with a companys objectives. This is the causal agent why the bank insisted that they maintain a current ratio of 1.5. This would also enable the bank to keep a track on the companys functioning.The accounting principle relevant here is conservatism. worldly-minded accounting can only cause temporary increase in the companys earnings. The nucleus is temporary and the actual may differ and hence not considered a good indicator of posterior earnings. Conservative accounting would raise questions about not only the balance sheet entirely also about the income statement. Accounting conservatism only helps to reduce disclosure.According to me it would he unethical to record the tax income of the new sales contract in celestial latitude. It is always advisable to be honest wit h the bank because the sexual congress with a bank is a long-term one. If the bank arrange out on its own it would ponder badly on the company and then the bank would be very cautious in on the whole future transactions also. Manipulation may not be intended by the company but banks would be cautious in all future reporting by the company incase they found out.If the company records this revenue in December the current ration would increase. They could complete the contract in December itself and raise the bill. Once the bill is raised, whether they receive cash for it or it remains as current receivables, the current ratio goes up. In this case there is nothing wrong. But as can be seen it is already the 15th December. Would it be possible to complete the contract within this period? Besides, credit has to be give to the party so cash payments cannot be expected.But in the event that the contract is executed in January and considered in December just for the sake of reporting, it would be a false

Examine from an economic perspective Scotlands position in Europe in Essay

Examine from an economic perspective Scotlands position in Europe in relation to the new Scottish license referendum. Based upon your analysis which way should we have voted - Essay ExampleTo begin with, the Scotlands referendum vote in 2014 was a historic turning point for the entire Britain and Europe as a whole. Many political leaders and other influential leaders stood up to oppose the independence of Scotland, pointing reveal the negative impacts that this could try to the European economy (Castells 2014, p. 23). For instance, this response was motivated by many leaders imputable to the fear that separation of Scotland from Europe would worsen the economic predicaments not only in Europe besides also drag the entire United Kingdom. Amid predicted that a Yes Vote to Scotlands independence would result in a decrease in the pounds value to 15 percent, which is approximately 17 one thousand million pounds of UK cares (Tindal, McCollum & Bell 2014, p. 89). Bonds as well as oth er financial assets were already sold by investors, and then negatively affecting the European economy at large (Furby 2012, p. 67). For instance, the Times revealed that the fear of Scotlands independence resulted in sell-off of many British investments.One of the impacts of independence referendum is all about oil production. U.K is the leading manufacturer of oil in Europe and most of its oil comes from areas that Scotlands independence claimed. The independence of Scotland from this perspective would cause a lot of harm to the economy of Europe. United Kingdom is likely to grab a share of the current oil production and reserves. This will result in Scotland remaining with oil that is worth 1.5 trillion.Secondly, ample financial industry of Scotland seems ready to collapse if voters could prefer a Yes vote. The biggest banking and insurance companies such as RBS (Royal money box of Scotland) had decided to move their headquarters, including other departments of their operatio ns to England if the voters of Scotland had chosen independence. The financial sector offers employment to approximately 100,000

The Adaptive Advantages Of Bipedalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The adaptive Advantages Of Bipedalism - Essay ExampleThe most obvious advantage that bipedalism gives is height. This can be used to observe the milieu and detect threats long before they arrive into the immediate vicinity of the creature. Extra height also allows a creature to reach higher levels for food, as we can see in an extreme version in the giraffe. For species which can tolerate water, height also allows deeper wading and again this may allow access to a greater range of food. Another advantage that bipedalism brings is that it frees up two of the limbs from having to take part in activities desire walking and standing. Modern day chimpanzees use their arms for displays such as anger or stress, for carrying their three-year-old or items like food, and even for tool use. This encourages more specialization and the development of fine motor skills which in turn can enhance the ability of the species to interact with the environment. Many bird species developed flight in th e limbs not used for walking, and this gives a secondary, in in many ways much superior physical body of locomotion. Primates and hominids can use their arms for climbing which is a very useful skill if predators argon around.In some ways a large brain could be seen as a disadvantage, because it makes the headword size bigger and this can be a problem during the birthing process. It also requires more nutrition, and this could reckon that other parts of the body receive less nutrition than is ideal in times of famine. The larger brain, however, gives a significant advantage because it provides more space for new skills to be learnt.

Introduction to Computer Application & Systems Essay Example for Free

incoming to Computer Application Systems EssayIntroduction to Computer Application Systems March 6, 2012 Dr. Xuan Yu ? Technology has gone from the days of the pony express to advancing at a rate of a mile a minute to now evolving to what seems comparable the speed of sprightly or faster. With such a fast paced environment of change in engineering, policies and laws must adapt to be compatible to those advancements in order to provide the best method to govern the laws and policies and protect its wad. This paper leave alone explore how technological advancements have influenced crucial changes in two essential policies the Electronic Communications privacy Act (ECPA) and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA). The Electronic Communications screen Act, an extension of the federal decreed Wiretap Statute, was endorsed in 1986 (Justice Information Sharing, 2010). This was a necessary implementation with how technology was diversifying ways to communicate and contributi on information.In order to oversee and safeguard technological advancements such as email, cordless and cell telecommunicate communications, and electronically stored data the federal government had to amend and sometimes put into operation new policies. These policies, like the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, minimize many ethical issues that came along with the development of these advancements.As technology experimented with ideals such as wireless connection, it gave way to many unethical and at times illegal practices. good issues that the Electronic Communications Privacy Act had to address included accessibility and privacy information could be shared outside the confinement of a persons home or business. The government require to find a way that would control and guard how this information was access, collected and stored.Implementing the Electronic Communications Privacy Act allowed government officials to include devices outside the scope of the Federal Wiretap S tatute. Eight years before the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, financial businesses latched on to this idea of transferring information which cause governmental official to step in and implement the Electronic Funds Transfer Act. This ct is intended to protect people who engage in transferring and sharing private financial information such as bank answer for numbers and personal information through devices such as automated teller machines (ATMs) and point-of-sale terminals

The Stages of Consumer Buying Decision Process Essay Example for Free

The Stages of Consumer acquire Decision Process EssayA purchaser buy a harvest-feast or utility for the first time. The greater cost or risk, the larger the number of participants and the greater their information gathering. New parturiency buying is the marketer greatest opportunity and challenge. The performance passes through several stages. They atomic number 18 1. Awareness2. fill3. Evaluation4. Trial5. AdoptionSystems Buying and SellingMany business purchasers prefer to buy a total solution to a problem from one seller. System buying The practice that originated with government purchases of major(ip) weapons and communication systems. The contractor who has awarded the contract would be responsible for bidding out and assembling the system subcomponents from secondment tier contractor.This is the prime contractor provides a turn detect solution. System Contracting A single supplier provides the buyer with all required MRO supplies (maintenance, repair, and oper ating supplies). During the contract period, the suppliers managed the customer inventory. System selling is a key industrial marketing strategy in bidding to build large scale industrial project, much(prenominal) as dams, steel factories, irrigation systems, pipelines utilities, and even new towns. Participants in the Business Buying ProcessPurchasing agents are influential in straight rebuy and modified rebuy situations whereas other department personel are more influential in new-buy situations. The Buying Center1. InitiatorsUsers or others in the organization who request that something be purchased2. UsersThose who will use the product or service. In many cases, the users initiate the buying proposal and sponsor define the product requirement. 3. Influencers pile who mould the buying decisions, often by helping define specifications and providing information for evaluating alternatives. Technical personel are peculiarly important influencers. 4. DecidersPeople who decide on product requirement or on suppliers5. ApproversPeople who travel by the proposed actions of deciders or buyers 6. BuyersPeople who have formal authority to select the suppliers and arrange the purchase terms. Buyers may help shape product specifications, but they play their major role in selecting vendors and negotiating. In more conglomerate purchases, buyers may include high-level managers 7. GatekeepersPeople who have the power to prevent seller or informations from range members of the buying center. For example, purchasing agents, receptionist, and telephone operators may prevent salespersons from contacting user or deciders. Buying Center TargetingTo shoot for their efforts properly, business marketers need to figure out Who are the major decision participant?What decisions do they influence?What is their level of influence?What evaluation criteria do they use?The business marketers is not likely to know incisively what kind of group dynamic take place during the decisio n process, although whatever information he cigarette obtain about personalities and interpersonal factors are useful.Stages in the Buying Process1. Problem RecognationThe buying process begins when someone in the company recognizes a problems or need that can be met by getting a good or service. The recognation can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. Internal stimuli king be that the company decides to develop a new product and needs new equipment and materials or a machine breaks down and requires new parts. Externally, the buyer may get new ideas at a mess show, see and ad, or receive a call from a sales representative who offers a violate product or a lower price.2. General Need Description and Product SpecificationThe buyer determines the needed items general characteristics and required quantity. The buyer will work with others engineers, users, to define characteristics much(prenominal) as reliability, durability, or price. Business marketers can help by desc ribing how their products meet or even lead the buyer needs. The buying organization now develops the items technical specification.Often, the company will arrange a product value analysis engineering team to the project. Product value Analysis (PVA) is an nuzzle to cost reduction that studies component to determine whether they can be redesigned or standardized or make by the cheaper methods of production. The PVA team will identify overdesigned components, for instance that last longer for the product itself.

Types of Alcoholic Beverages Essay Example for Free

Types of Alcoholic Beverages EssayBeer is the worlds oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drunkenness and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and zymosis of starches which atomic number 18 mainly derived from cereal grains most commonly malted barley although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. Alcoholic beverages which are distilled after turmoil, fermented from non-cereal sources much(prenominal) as grapes or honey, or fermented from un-malted cereal grain, are not classified as beer. The two main types of beer are lager and ale. Ale is further classified into varieties much(prenominal) as pale ale, stout, and brown ale. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a inseparable preservative. Other flavourings, such as fruits or herbs, may also be used. The alcoholic strength of beer is commonly 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (ABV), but it may be less than 1% or more than 20%. Beer is p art of the drinking culture of various nations and has acquired social traditions such as beer festivals, pub culture, pub games, and pub crawling.The basics of brewing beer are shared across national and pagan boundaries. The beer-brewing industry is global in scope, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and thousands of smaller producers, which range from regional breweries to microbreweries . vino Wine is produced from grapes, and fruit wine is produced from fruits such as plums, cherries, or apples. Wine involves a longer (complete) fermentation process and a long aging process (months or years) that results in an alcohol content of 9%16% ABV.Sparkling wine can be made by adding a small cadence of sugar before bottling, which causes a secondary fermentation to occur in the bottle. Spirits Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic beverages that charter an alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits. Spirits are produced by the distillation of a fermented base product. Distilling concentrates the alcohol and eliminates some of the congeners. Spirits can be added to wines to create fortified wines, such as port and sherry.

Indian Textile Industry Essay Example for Free

Indian Textile Industry EssayIndian cloth constancy An overview textile industry in India is one of the hopeful divisions of Indian market. It supplies more than thirteen percent to cope action, 16. 63 percent to export revenues and four percent to the nations GDP. In the forth coming socio-economic class, the industry is to make approximately 12 million career opportunities with a venture of US dollar six billion in the business line of textile tools and structure, and garment manufacturing by the end of 2015.Union ministry of Textiles certified Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC) has taken the reliability to motivate the afield financiers to invest in Indian Textile industry by divine revelation it huge unknown domestic market. It has also prepared and authorized the motto of reach the destination, spend, generate and trade in India. Under this perceptive, the ministry has made a decision to send some representatives to Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy and U S.The purpose is to activate the overseas venture towards textile entity in India by offering several grants to international financier like first base cost employees and intellectual right fortification. The government of India has also agreed to the proposals to support the textile industry by approving hundred percent Foreign Direct Investment in the market.Owing to the uprights and instantly coordinated textiles cost sequence (price chain), the Indian textile industry signifies a tough subsistence in the total note value chain from raw products to finished products. The Synthetic and Rayon Textile Export Promotion Council (SRTEPC) has taken every needful steps to meet the target of doubling the synthetic textile export in India to US $6. 2 billion by grabbing four percent of market share by fiscal year 2011- 2012. winning into consideration the persistent funds in the textile industry, the Govt. of India may possibly widen the Technology Up gradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) by th e end of the 11th Five Year Plan- in the pecuniary year of 2011- 2012 in order to protract the industry. Indian textile industry is extraordinarily providing to meet the targeted production of $ 85 billion in the year of 2011, intending exports of more than $ 50 billion which was in year 2010.thither is massive progress foreseen in Indian textile exports from the $ 17 billion accomplished in the year of 2005 -2006 to $ 50 billion by the year of 2009-2010. The assessment for the exports in the current fiscal year is about(predicate) $ 19billion. There is significant potential in Indias exports of technical textiles and home textiles, as most European businesses inclination to set up facilities near- by the emerging markets, such as China and India. So, the future of Indian textile industry is very bright, as it has open up the market for international business people.

Theoretical Framework for Hr Thesis Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Frame feed for Hr Thesis Essay1. Definition of indigence and Employee penury1. Definition of motifMany contemporary authors commence also defined the fancy of pauperism. Motivation has been defined as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet drives (Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995) an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994) and the leave to achieve (Bedeian, 1993).According to John R. Schermerhorn (2010), the term motivation is used in management possible action to describe forces within the various(prenominal) that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. Motivation lav be defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviors. In its simplest commentary, the term motivation is ofttimes used to describe why a psyche does something. (Cherry, 2011). An individuals motivation is influenced by biological, intellectual, social and emotional factors. As such(prenominal), motivation is a complex, not easily defined, intrinsic driving force that raft also be influenced by external factors. Every employee has activities, events, people, and goals in his or her life that he or she finds motivating.Generally disquisition , for this thesis, motivation is operationally defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Motivation is an employees intrinsic enthusiasm about and drive to accomplish activities related to work. Motivation is that internal drive that causes an individual to decide to take action. So, motivation about some aspect of life exists in each persons spirit and actions.2. Definition of Employee MotivationThe trick for employers is to figure out how to inspire employee motivatio n at work. To create a work environment in which an employee is motivated about work, involves both intrinsically satisfying and extrinsically encouraging factors. Employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employees take and expectations from work and the workplace factors that enable employee motivation or not. These variables make motivating employees challenging. Employers figure that they need to provide a work environment that creates motivation in people. But, many employers fail to look the significance of motivation in accomplishing their mission and vision. Even when they understand the importance of motivation, they lack the skill and intimacy to provide a work environment that fosters employee motivation.From Rick Pitinos point of view, The only way to nark people to like operative hard is to motivate them. Today, people must understand why theyre work hard. Every individual in an organization is motivated by something different. Employee motivation can be approached in many ways with different definitions. With Twyla Dell, The heart of motivation is to give people what they really want approximately from work. The more you argon able to provide what they want, the more you should expect what you really want, namely productivity, quality, and service. (Dell, 1988). G. J 1s and J. George from the book modern Management, defined motivation as Psychological forces that determine the direction of a persons behavior in an organization, a persons level of effort and a persons level of persistence. And this approach is used as the employee motivation definition in the thesis2. Motivation theoriesThere are many theories that refer to motivate people such as ERG theory by Clayton Alderfer, Acquired Needs theory by David McClelland, Expectancy theory by skipper Vroom, etc. In this thesis, the author applied Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs Two Factors possibleness as the theoretical framework for the thesis1. Maslows Hiera rchy of NeedsThe theory of human ask developed by Abraham Maslow was introduced in this part as an important theoretical framework for the thesis.Psychologist Abraham Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of take in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation and his attendant book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill elemental take in front moving on to other, more advanced needs.This hierarchy is about often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the around basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the conterminous level of needs, which are for safety and security.As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. So on, the need for have it off, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of acquisition take priority. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potentialpicThere are five different levels in Maslows hierarchy of needs Physiological needs the most basic needs for human to survival, (such as air, water, food, sex, sleep, etc). In working environment, it can be rest and refreshment breaks, physical comfort on the line of credit or reasonable work hours. According to Maslow, if these needs are not satisfied, the human body can not function properly, and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are supposed to be the most important and should be met first. Safety needs After the physiological needs are satisfied, peoples attention turn to safety and security. Social needs the first level of higher level needs is socia l needs. Social needs are those related to interact with others which implicates friendship, belonging to a group, giving and receiving love Esteem needs Esteem needs can be categorized as external motivators such as recognition, attention, and social status. While internal motivators include accomplishment and self respect. Self actualisation needsThis is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal emersion, less concerned with the opinions of others and raise fulfilling their potential. (Cherry, 2011)2. The theory Herzbergs Two FactorThe Two Factor theory by Herzberg is one of the most influential studies on motivation which describes needs in terms of satisfaction and disatisfaction.Herzberg found that the factors causing affair satisfaction were different from those causing business line dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation hygiene theory to develop these results. He called the satisfiers moti vators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction.pic1. Motivation factorsHerzberg explains that motivation factors are related to what people do on the job or job content Motivation factors include such things as a sense of responsibility, feelings of recognition, a sense of achievement,feelings of personal growth, the opportunity for advancement and work itself. Presence of motivation factors influences job satisfaction levels Responsibility A duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a task (assigned by someone, or created by ones own guarantee or circumstances) that one must fulfill, and which has a consequent penalty for failure. Recognition Recognition is identifying something you learned antecedently and is therefore stored in some manner in memory. The employees should be praised and recogn ized for their accomplishments by the managers. Achievement The definition of achievement also includes its opposite, the failure or the absence of achievement. Success put into this category consists of the followings successful outcome of a job, solutions to problems, vindication, and seeing the results of ones work. (Herzberg, 2008, p.45 -143) Personal growth There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. Advancement Advancement is an actual modify in the status or position of the person in the company. In situation in which an individual transfers from one part of the company to another without any change in status but increases opportunities for responsible work, the change is considered an increased responsibility, but not formally an advancement. (Herzberg, 2008, p.46) Work itself ( Job itself elicit and fulfilling work) The work itself should be meaningful, interesting and challenging for the employee to p erform and to get motivated.2. Hygiene factorsAccording to Herzberg, hygiene factors influence directly on jobdissatisfaction. The hygiene factors are found in the job context and include such things as working conditions, interpersonal relations, base wage or net, and technical quality of supervision. By improving them, such as by implemetenting a no smooking policy, can make people less dissatisfied at work. However, it will not increase job satisfaction. Hygiene factors include Working condition The working conditions should be safe, tripping and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. Interpersonal relations The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable. There should be no conflict or humiliation element present. Base wage and salary The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable. It must be equal and competitive to those in the same patience in the same domain. Supervision technical This category refers to the competence or incompetence fairness or unfairness of the supervisor supervisors willingness or unwillingness to delegate responsibility, to teach subordinates. (Herzberg, 2008, p.47)3. The combination of Motivation factor and Hygiene factorThe combination of hygiene and motivation factors can result in 4 conditions1. High Hygiene/High Motivation The ideal situation where employees are highly motivated and have few problems. 2. High Hygiene/Low Motivation Employees have few problems but are not highly motivated. 3. Low Hygiene/High Motivation Employees are motivated but have a lot of problems. 4. Low Hygiene/Low Motivation The worst situation. Unmotivated employees with lots of problems. Herzbergs theories can be summarized by his quote, If you want people to do a solid job, give them a good job to do. The two factor theory is useful because job contextand content are study issues in the business world today.

The Development Of Fashion In Indian History Essay Example for Free

The Development Of way of life In Indian History Essay means has been referred by many as a sentience of the mind. In most cases, when the term fake is menti superstard, what comes to the mind is the nonion of a cloth style provided the truth is that the concept entails a wide range of things be it footwear, accessories, headgear or even hairstyles. It is what one thinks it is beautiful that makes one comfort adapted and therefore it could be said to be relative as it is not universal. It may mean simplicity to one person magical spell to an an separate(prenominal) person it would mean lateity and glamour. Fashion was simply a westerly phenomenon originally meant for the elite class but was later uncovered to other people due to globalization. Fashion like fads come and go or in other words, they exist for sometime and are replaced by others and this is something that is evident when the track record for the Indian fashion is traced tail from the early 20th century up to the turn of the century. This research paper is going to specifically localise on Indian fashion and will trace its developing track and discuss in shrewdness about the changes that occurred in e very(prenominal) stage and give the accompanimentors that motivated that change.This paper starts by giving a gip but concise introduction about fashions and then continues to discuss about the historical development of Indian fashion in its main luggage compartment and concludes by recapping the most important points that have been raised.Fashion in India started existence taken seriously when the nation opened up to the westward worlds ideologies which with them, different cultures and dressing styles were born but there was need to safeguard and protect the national determine and cultures. For this reason, the Indians developed their possess traditional styles and decided to hold on to them lest their cultures and values be swept away by the western fashions wave.Indian fashions evolved due to regionalism, climatic conditions and due to necessity and thus were more of a cultural, religious and tribal identity1. Indeed a lot of fashion metamorphosis could be said to have taken place as far as Indian fashion is have-to doe with like from the 1920s flapper girls who were oblivious of the conventional mode of dressing and whole steped it with contempt to the 21st centurys elegant fashions. The 1920s end was commonly referred to as the roaring twenties and was reflective of Charleston era.In the 1920s, change in fashion in India was basically influenced by social movements advocating for equal treatment of women and in this respect, business like dressing codes were adopted something that greatly attracted women. Though this was the case, the 1920s pointedness was smooth catch to the Indians as it was the time the western influence was at its fullest and thus anything considered Indian was of lower status that the western one and thus Indian fashi ons had borrowed much from the western world. In short, the 20s fashion was associated with wealth and thus was a thing of the rich as the poor went for the hand stitched or the hand made uniform however, due to their high demand those tailors became entrepreneurs and kept boutiques thereby making a fortune.People would prefer western fashions to theirs for example the Charleston dresses which had long laced sleeves either made of silk, satin or cotton. The 1920s period being influenced by equality movements, a class of women who were business-like emerged and preferred clothes which were either grey or benighted in color and made of 2either georgettes or silk. In India, the fashion scenario was in confusion as it was an unstable period. Thus fashion trends were strongly influenced by the British, with the result that western clothes became a status symbolism3.As each ten-spot had something new, the 1930s period show the reduction of western influence in fashion and witnessed th e rise of communism, fascism and socialism something that led to the womens fashions becoming more and more feminine while strongly holding on to their conservative ideas4. During this period, the 1920s clothes much(prenominal)(prenominal) as angarkhas, jamas and chogas lost judge and there place was taken by achkan, sherwani and chapkan. According to researches that have been done, these clothes are still spruce today and in fact are the standard mode of dressing for men. At this time the military issue of Indian cinemas played an important role in the emergence of the 1930s fashion.Clothes that magnifyd body figures would be worn something that went in line with cabaret and vamp culture. Though western influence was greatly waning over this period, the Indian women would still be seen wearing western clothes such as the ghagras, kurtas, odhnis and peshwaz during ceremonial functions and religious festivities but would make sure that though clothes would be mostly western they would wear clothes that were hand-woven and most of the clothes that were worn at this time were dark colored5.The 1940s decade did not see much of fashion change as there were a lot of things that were hap in the world for example the Second World War and the Indian Independence movement and thus most of the clothes that were worn by women were generally functional. However, there were some small changes which were happening in terms of fashion that are worth noting for example, clothes with pinched waist and hips and then matched with a short fluted jacket could be worn by Indians6. Also this historical period brought with it some revolutionary changes in the Indian fashion as Japanese imported fashions such as georgette, silk and chiffon which prior to 1940s were very much in use were replaced by South Indian hand woven silks.By gaining independence, Indians tangle tired of mimicking western fashions and thus concentrated and cherished theirs something that characterized the 1 050s period. Much of the attention focused on the Indian blouse which shortened than it was prior to this period. This blouse came to be known as choli and the style came to be reffred to as katori which replaced the western one. The mindset that western clothes were long lasting and that would even last longer if repaired, vanished and henceforth, those clothes would be stipulation to charity homes or be put into dustbins. Also something else characteristic of this period was the silhouette balloon skirts with contract waist7.The 1960s represents a very important period in the evolution of Indian fashion. It witnessed various finesses and curiously the production of synthetics for example brass, silver and mud were replaced by plastic and silk and cotton was replaced by polyester and nylon fabrics New types of materials such as plastic film and coated polyester fabrics became popular. Tight kurtas with churidars and miniskirts became fashionable. The era also ushered in the age of synthetics8.This period represented not only a battle between modernity and traditions but also a battle between values and lifestyles. Though nylon had replaced saris, it came back in 1964 both with a new look and wearing style for example, it would be worn below the navel in a manner that would exaggerate the curves.Also in this period, the place of salwars was taken by nylon pants. The clothes that came to be referred to as Kumars flash emerged at this period and were as a result of the embracement of Indian clothing styles by other nations in the world9. Kumar was able to put the word fashion in an Indian context something that made him to popular nationwide. The seventies period in Indian fashion is commonly referred to as the me decade and was also a period that was referred to as anything goes culture. At this period, India started to produce materials in plenty with some used locally while others exported to other nations something that made its fashion to be popular wo rldwide10.In 1980s, the American fashion were selling internationally and were able to penetrate in India and some American designers such as Calvin Klein were very popular but nevertheless, their own fashion never died. In fact, silhouettes which were initially worn by women adopted a masculine personality and shoulder pads were put in salwars. With the invention of cable TV, teenagers got influenced by fashion shows that were aired as they targeted the callowness who in turn influenced their elders. This ushered the millenniums last decade, the 1990s which witnessed the rise of younger designers into the Indian fashion mainstream.This period also saw the replacement of Indian fashion by the German styles produced by designers such as such as Jil Sander and Helmut Lang. Today, people have realized the importance of preserving their fashion and defend it from being eroded by foreign cultures and thus most Indians are going back to their ethnic cultures thereby increasing their d emand with much credit going to Ritu Kumar whose role in reviving Indian fashion cannot be underrated. Unlike in the past where people thought anything foreign as modern and theirs as outdated, it has dawned on people that those were erroneous ways of thinking and have reverted to their old fashions which were reflective of their identity11.Indeed, Indian fashion is something that has under gone a lot of changes since 1900. Notable changes could be said to have started pickings place with the coming of colonialists. Much of what took place during this time to a great extent was western in nature but people went holding on their fashions which were representative of both their cultural and ethnic identity. In the 1940s, with the achievement of independence, they deserted western cultures and came to value theirs more and this continued in the following decades. The 1960s in the Indian fashion history is the epitome of change as a lot took place including the invention of synthetic fi bers. Today, Indians have gone to their former traditional way of live and have awakened to the fact that their culture is valuable than the western one unlike the 1920s belief.ReferencesIndia4world. Evolution of fashion. Retrieved from http//www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-fashion/evolution-of-fashion.shtmlKhatai, Ajit Bhimsen. 2001. Fashionable Crossovers. Available at http//www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0104/01040420.htmMukerjee, Somshuvra. 2009. Changes in Fashion Trends among Women in India. Available at http//somshuvra.instablogs.com/entry/changes-in-fashion-trends- among-women-in-india/Shea, Stuart. 2006. The 1960s Most treasured The Top 10 Book of Hip Happenings, Swinging Sounds, and Out-of-sight Oddities. Brasseys.4thmedia.com. 2008. Fashion and Lifestyle. Accessed from http//teamsugar.com/365194

Grief Counseling and Process Intervention Essay Example for Free

sorrow Counseling and Process Intervention stressAbstractGrief comes in different forms and affects for each one some wizard differently. Websters dictionary describes sorrow as deep sadness ca spendd especially by someones death, a cause of deep sadness, and trouble or irritation. Grief is associated with mischief redness of wad, place, or thing. It is a universal experience that happens to all intent. In multicultural talk over a counselor should be able to effectively treat and deal with the issues of trouble, as they tinge to divers groups. The boundaries mingled with normal and conglomerate tribulation is a process. The factors of cultural, brformer(a)ly and religious influence, also influences the grief and the level of anxiety that is raised due to that grief. Different people be put one across differently on the resembling sort of deprivation, and this makes it important to hear the impact which the breathing out has on the soulfulness. This diversi ty warrants further research on the topic of grief instruction and process hinderances which nourish to be chosen in different mint with different people.Grief Counseling and Process InterventionGrief is a familiar reality of everyones intent and almost all have to go through a cast where the loss is too big to handle. Altmaier (2011) extracts that, the strength of anxiety, stress and grief from a loss depends on the closeness and importance of that illogical thing in the manners of the psyche. M whatever researchers (Ober, et al., 2012 Howarth, 2011 Breen, 2011) have highlighted that death is one of the typical forms of complex loss that most people experient at least once in their lives. The blow of loss of life mess be far more devastating to an singles behavior and social surgical force than any other type of losses.Such bereavement is common inall cultures and in that location can seldom be a person who is not disturbed ab aside the loss of a love one (Howart h, 2011). However, the social detachment and the level of anxiety and depression after the loss can set forth from culture to culture, closeness of relation with the deceased one, and the nature of the person. For this reason group counselors have to study and understand the nature and level of grief in order to use the correct dodge and process encumbrance for grief retrieval (Altmaier, 2011).DiscussionThe term best forms has been used in relation with group counseling to analyze the practices that are mostly applicable with people in grief (Kato Mann, 2009). However, several researchers (Baier Buechsel, 2012 Ober, 2011) have canceled out this term and claimed that each oddball would stand different and unique from the other. Because of this, generalizing the grief counseling process and intervention can be unsuccessful. Understanding the varied state of mind and grief symptoms of anger, depression, loneliness, anxiety and other symptoms are necessary for group counseling (B aier Buechsel, 2012).The Impact of Loss and BereavementThe research of Sussman (2011) founds that the grief and bereavement after a loss has different impacts on males, females and children. It has been discovered that men cope with a loss and their state of depression more quickly than women and children. The beginning of this fact can be related to the natural characteristics and the predisposition of each individual, which is greater in women and children than in men. Stroebe, et al., (2009) separated the impact of loss into three phases and has illustrated that every individual that has experienced a loss provide go through these three phases. The first phase is the repetitive shock where the person is in a mid-state of accepting the loss.Many people take a pertinacious succession to accept the fact that a certain loss has occurred (Stroebe, Stroebe, Hansson, 2009). This has been a common view in the cases of deaths of loved ones, geticularly with females and young child ren. This stage has the first reactions of mourning, yelling, protesting, showing anger and frustration loudly and not welcoming the occurrence of the loss (Howarth, 2011). In the second phase the loss is accepted mentally, but there remains the aftereffects of the loss, in the form of social impairment and detachment of the person from the social group and/or preferring to be alone (Stroebe, Stroebe, Hansson, 2009). This is the phase where the counselors films to get involved and observe the symptoms of the person and the duration of the loss exit to drive in the technique and structure that needs to be used in such a situation Higgins (2009).The third phase of acceptance, is on in which the person accepts the loss and develops the public opinion that nothing can change the reality and life has to move on (Stroebe, Stroebe, Hansson, 1999). Allumbach Hoyt (2009) focuses the fact that grief counseling should not be stopped early in this phase, as there are chances that the pa tient could sound reflection to the second phase again (Allumbach Hoyt, 2009). The concept of cognitive therapy is introduced to be sure that the complete transaction of the person in grief takes place from the second phase of emotional distress and pain to the third phase of recovering and moving on with the life by suppressing the memories of the loss person or thing (Altmaier, 2011).A complex perspective of the grief loss is in the context of young children. Malkinson (2010) underlines the cognitive learning procedure of humans and explains that children from age two- five do not have a solid understanding of loss or death (Malkinson, 2010). They carry likelihood that whatever is gone leave alone return back one day. This is typical in the case of their deceased pets, siblings or parents. As they go into adolescence they develop a separate understanding of death and that the departed depart not return. A loss of loved one at this stage can be very challenging because the chi ld is already dealing with the questions of self-identity and life-direction. This type of loss can block the mindset, behavior and esteeming capability of the child Higgins (2009).Process, Intervention, and StructureSeveral theorists have communicate the fact that after a loss people usually feel lonely and prefer to be alone as they cannot fill the space made by the loss object or person (Watson West 2006). A person being bankrupted and losing all his life savings in a blaze has a high chance of getting isolated from the society and ending up as a depression patient or with physical disorders like brain tumor, high blood pressure or other disorders that happen due to stress and tension (Watson West 2006). If a therapist is consulted in such a scenario then the first thing to do is to understandbeliefs and conjectures which the person is carrying regarding the loss. They may think that people get out make fun of them or they will lose their social status. They also may think that they will not be able to take care of their family and children etc.These are the thoughts that the person develops in the second phase of loss. They can become mentally and emotionally weak, not able to look at the brighter side of the scenario or what is left (Baier Buechsel, 2012). In the Task-Oriented Approach forwarded by Doel (2006), Eaton Roberts (2002) shows that the mechanism of motor performance of each individual suffering from losses processed and structured with a technique to make the person desire that the intensity and level of loss is not as big as it is perceived by the person. In his study Doel (2006) defines the practice of using volunteers who can form group with the person to be treated and the volunteers. They will act if they have not had a much greater loss and can share how they have coped with it. This has proved to be a good strategy if conducted in a proper fashion and establishing that the events draw by other are similar in nature but unique f rom one some other (Eaton Roberts, 2002).The second task is of helping the person to erase the old memories related to that person, business or any other object. The motif here is not to separate the person from the loss, but to lessen the grief and bereavement that is closely associated to the memories of the loss (Eaton Roberts, 2002). The task lie intervention for grief counseling shows great limitations when it is implied for the grief therapy of parents who have disordered their young children in an accident or been killed. Such cases were abundant after the devastating event of 9/11 and a lot of parents showed little or no recovery by the use of task oriented process and stayed in their state of depression and emotional pain. Br give (2006) has forwarded the Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT) Model for the grief counseling of people in complicated bereavement like those who have experienced sudden death of a loved one, particularly their children.The ground of this inter vention is due to the difference between the rational and the irrational idea of the distressed people. Irrational idea makes them perceive their lives to be intolerable without the origination of the deceased one (Brown, 2006). In the CBT process, close bonds are developed with such people and they are given up the chance to express the effect of such a loss on their present and future.This presumption, usually ground on irrational thinking, is first replicated by other irrational support (Malkinson, 2010). For example, if a mother has lost her child then she is made to believe that her child will be remembered as the one who sacrificed his/her life and he/she would have attained a higher state in the heaven.The parallel of the irrational thinking with other irrational belief was carried out in the study of Cigno (2006) on Cognitive-behavioral practice with 18 mothers and 11 fathers whom children became victim of the street crimes or terrorist activities. Cigno found out that 72.4% of the parents in this research showed signs of improvement and were able to put down the second phase of loss grief to the third phase. At this stage, activities of social engagement and task oriented go about can be available to ensure maximum grief recovery of those people (Cigno, 2006).The multiform Grief Intervention Model (CGIM)To empower the counselors and the social workers in treating complicated grief, there is a need of a model that can define the approach and plan of counselors when they are dealing with a deprive person (Morris, 2006). The grief of loss of the loved one, a major business downfall or other losses which have a great impact on the outlook of ones life can be included in complicated grief. The counselor assesses the need and the present condition of the bereaved person one in the first step of the model. This is not limited to the emotional state, but also to the interoperable side the work and family responsibilities of the bereaved one that ar e affected by the disposition of the person. These things can be assessed by using the narrative technique and asking the people about their stories related to the lost person or object.A secondary assessment is also suggested where the friends or family members of the bereaved one are interviewed to know the extent of grief (Altmaier, 2011). When the counselor prescribes activities or medicines to the bereaved person this is the second stage is of intervention. It has been a common observation by many researchers (Watson West, 2006 Silversides, 2011 Morris (2006) that counselors are not result-oriented in their intervention. Silversides (2011) discusses that many counselors do not plan the outcome of the action at law and they do not regularly evaluate the success of the activity. Because of this practice the recovery is temporary. There have been cases reported to have developed thesame state of depression and grief after the therapy was over (Silversides, 2011).For instance, if a hobby is suggested to the bereaved person to exercise, some of the questions that need to be answered are what will be the duration of the exercise? What end results it will bring or tend to bring? How will it help the bereaved person to replicate the negative irrational thinking with positive irrational thinking? What will be the consequences of the exercise after it is discontinued for more than 6 months? What will be the approach if the person develops the same state of mind again? Answering these questions prior to starting the intervention strategy will raise the probability of achieving desired results over the anticipated time (Drenth, Herbst, Strydom, 2010).It is evident that some part of the therapy, like counseling sessions and workshops cannot last forever and they need to be stopped after some period, period few of the routine activities can be carried on for a much longer period as the person wants to. It is necessary for the social worker or counselor to understan d the significance of the activities and which are for exhaustible period, and analyze if there would be a need to prolong, modify or substitute it with another activity as per the requirement of the person (Johnsen, Dyregrov, Dyregrov, 2012). It is both natural and biblical to grieve. The reality is that no matter how cheerful those who have gone are, and how much they gain by the move, the loss is suffered , and trying to live in demur of this reality is not heroic but caving in to social or religious pressure that is not of God.There is much evidence that those who confront their inner pain head-on, heal quickest. Inner pain will gradually retreat when we face it, but it will keep haunting us if we run from it. for certain he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities the chastisement of our mollification was upon him and with his s tripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray we have turned everyone to his own way and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 534-6, KJV).ConclusionGrief is a natural occurring and almost every human goes through this phenomenon at some point of time in his or her life. The extent of grief is dependent on factors of closeness with the lost person or thing and therational and irrational thinking that the person has developed after the loss. The state of complex grief or bereavement occurs mostly in the case of losing the love ones and entering into the state of loneliness, anger and depression. The form of these symptoms is more pronounced in teen agers and women. It is for this reason that counselors have to understand the nature and extent of the grief and the irrational thinking that have been developed as a result to prescribe a therapy or activity that best suits the need of the bereaved one.ReferencesAllumbach, L., Hoyt, W. (2009). Effectiveness of grief therapy A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling psychological science , 46, 370380. Altmaier, E. (2011). Best Practices in Counselling Grief and Loss Finding Benefit From Trauma. Journal of Mental health Counseling , 33 (1), 33-47. Baier, M., Buechsel, R. (2012). A model to help bereaved individuals understand the grief process. Mental wellness Practice, 16(1), 28-32. Breen, L. (2011). Professionals experiences of grief counseling implications for bridging the gap between research and practice. Omega, 62(3), pp. 285-303. Brown, H.C., 2006, Counseling, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli M. Payne (eds.), Social work. Themes, issues and critical debates, pp. 139148, Palgrave, London. Cigno, K., 2006, Cognitive-behavioral practice, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli M. Payne (eds.), Social work. Themes, issues and critical debates, pp. 180190, Palgrave, London. Doel, M., 2006, Task-Centered work, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli M. Payne (eds.), Social work. Themes, issues and critical debates, pp . 191199, Palgrave, London. Drenth, C., Herbst, A., Strydom, S. (2010). A complicated grief intervention model. Journal of interdisciplinary health sciences , 10 (1), 97-109. Eaton, Y.M. Roberts, A.R., 2002, Frontline crisis intervention Step-by-step practice guidelines with case applications, in A.R. Roberts G.J. Greene (eds.), Social workers desk reference, pp. 8996, University Press, Oxford. Higgins, P. C. (2009). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy A Handbook for the Mental health Practitioner, Fourth Edition. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(7), 653-654. doi10.1089/jpm.2009.9590 Holland, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., Boelen, P. A., Prigerson, H. G. (2009). The underlying structure of grief A taxometric investigation of lengthy and normal reactions to loss. Journal of Psychopathology and BehavioralAssessment, 31(3), 190-201. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9113-1 Howarth, R. A. (2011). Concepts and controversies in grief and loss. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33 (1), 4-10. Retrieved from Johnsen, I., Dyregrov, A., Dyregrov, K. (2012). Participants with prolonged grief how do they benefit from grief group participation. Omega, 65(2), pp. 87-105. Kato, P., Mann, T. (2009). A sysnthesis of psychological intervention for the bereaved. clinical Psychology , 16, 275-296. Malkinson, R. (2010). Cognitive-Behavioral Grief Therapy The ABC Model of Rational-Emotion Behavior Therapy. Psychological Topics , 2, 289-305. Morris, T., 2006, Social work research methods iv alternative paradigms, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks. Ober, A. M., Granello, D. H., Wheaton, J. E. (2012). Grief counseling An investigation of counselors training, experience, and competencies. Journal of Counseling and Development JCD, 90(2), 150-159. Retrieved from Silversides, A. (2011). When loss leads in new directions. Jane Simington shares hard-won lessons about healing. The Canadian Nurse, 107(6), 34-35. Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Hansson, R. (1999). Handbook of Bereavemen t Theory, Research, and Intervention. New York Press Syndicate .

Unilever Brazil Essay Example for Free

Unilever brazil nut Essay decision declarer SummaryUnilever is assessing whether to don the low-income NE food market. Our analysis shows that there is a profitable opportunity to offer detersive demolish to low-income customers living in Northeast Brazil and capture market lot in a high-margin, high-growth market. We recommend that the firm keeps the existing brands but deploy a horizontal credit of the Campeiro brand adding discover scent / softness and utilizing specialty statistical distribution network, thereby marginalizing Invicto, an inferior but better-known competitor.Situation OverviewNE Brazil has long lagged behind the rest of the country in terms of technology and income. However, economic reforms instituted by Finance Minister Cardoso has seen the purchase power of the poorest Brazilians increase dramatically. These reforms, combined with tax incentives for investment in the NE has led to a 17% annual growth in detersive powder.In NE Brazil, detergent is heretofore primarily used to supplement soap in order to make the clothes whiter and timber better. Campeiro, Unilevers current bud come in offering detergent powder, competes primarily with Invicto. These products are offered at the same scathe ($1.7/kg) and have roughly the same market penetration (6% for Campeiro vs. 5% for Invicto) even as consumers view Campeiro as a superior brand. The problem for Unilever is Campeiros brand penetration, which lags approximately 15% behind Invicto. This is because of the decentralized purchasing habits of women in NE Brazil. This situation is an opportunity because if Unilever improves market penetration, it will drive sales in this high-margin, high-growth segment of the laundry industry.By contrast, the soap industry has slower growth (6%) and lower barrier to entry, which makes it tough to halt high margin. In addition, the market is very fragmented, with early(a) producers supplying 64% of the market, making it tough to systematic ally beat competitors and capture market part. Therefore, at this time we do not think it makes sense to enter this market. natural action OverviewStrategyWe will target the following marketCustomer Low-income consumers in NE BrazilCompany UnileverCollaborators Special store owners as low-income consumers do not shop in wholesale and get financing and advice from specialty owners Competitor InvictoContext Increasing purchasing power in NE and place of powder as fragrance / softening agentsOur value proposition to this segment will be An affordable detergent powder with a special touch.We will deploy the strategy as followsTacticsProducts modern and improved Campeiro with enhanced smell and softness oSmell / softness is ranked second only to whiteness in perceived importance by consumers, but going after whiteness has potential to cannibalize OMO (see Action Rationale section for more details) oThe added fragrance should be at a level just plenty to set Campeiro apart from Invic to, but far enough from Minerva to prevent cannibalization Brand CampeiroPrice Same charge whole sale of 1.7 / kg scattering Specialized distributors that can increase knowingness of target auditory sense at a lower variable cost than generalist wholesaler specialized stores are fundamental influencers of target customers behaviors Incentives Launch new Campeiro via specialized distribution as larger disturb to influence small shop owners give away free samples to specialized store to promote awareness to small shops use more point-of-purchase marketing as small shop owners are more convincible to such tactics Communication New and Improved Campeiro or add something special to your clothes at affordable priceAction RationaleThe proposed strategy is best suited for Unilevers goal of purpose a profitable entry into low-income NE market because Profit growth from increasing market share in Campeiro is significantly higher than Minerva soap oMargins for laundry detergent is supe rior to soap ($2520 per ton vs. $1250 per ton) oPowder market is experiencing a higher growth (17%) compared to that of soap (6%) o Increase New Campeiro market share by 6% would have and additional benefit of 1.38MM in course 1 and 2.21 MM in year 3, compared to 1.19 and 1.42 if we increase Minerva soap market share by 5% (See exhibit 2) Increasing market share in soap is already a big challenge given the fragmented market Campeiro has a strong brand name by giving it a new feature such as smell, it can separate itself from the generic Invicto and other smaller producers of no frills powdersRD cost of formulating should be low as Unilever already has a fragrance-based brand Minerva Cost of matching fragrance / softness is too prohibitive for ASA and other small, regional competitors Cannibalization is optimized cannibalization % is better if Campeiro targets smell / softness instead of whiteness (see Exhibit 1) Campeiro is a better extension candidate than Minerva as Campeiro ha s a better break-even cannibalization rate (See Exhibit 1) Significant barriers to entry also make it difficult for additional firms to compete at this price point Using specialty store distribution makes sense as low-income NE residents tend to shop at smaller supermarkets Improvement to Unilever brand visualise as being at the forefront of helping rural BrazilPotential DrawbacksThere is still risk that a fragrance / softness based brand extension will cannibalize Minerva beyond the threshold calculated, thereby decreasing profit Cost of re-formulating Campeiro may be higher than expected Unilever already owns a 75% market share therefore, there is a finite additional share for Campeiro to steep Unilever premium brand equity may suffer as Unilever makes investment in lower-end products Most low-income business firm do not own washing machines, so it would be hard to absorb additional market share currently owned by competitors soap brands with a powder product There is ever the risk that ever-changing socioeconomic and political factors will defer target segment from purchasing powderConclusionBased on the analysis above, our team believes that the appropriate strategy to grow in the low-income NE market would be to extend the existing Campeiro brand while keeping the same price point. Distribution through specialty stores instead of wholesale will best position Unilever to grow in this high-margin, high-growth market.